ANTH 205 - Exam 3 Review (impact on indigenous + modernization) Flashcards
What are the 3 possible outcomes of National Societies’ Impact on Indigenous Peoples?
- Cultural Extinction
- Assimilation
- Creation of Subordinate Status -
Describe Cultural Extinction:
can be Physical > war disease, famine
or Cultural > descendants live, but lose cultural ways/ split up, no longer exist as a people.
- example: Native American Groups: Pensacola, Place names, Yahi people & Ishi.
- example: Recent attacks on Yanamamo tribe in Amazon basin. -
What is an example of cultural extinction?
- Yahi people were attacked and killed for their land during the gold rush in California.
- Ishi was the last known member of the Yahi who survived the cultural extinction by hiding in the mountains with his family for the next 44 years.
- Surveyors ransacked the camp Ishi, his uncle, his younger sister, and his mother lived at in the mountains.
- Ishi survived in the wilderness for 3 more years, alone. With no supplies, Ishi stepped into the western culture.
- Anthropologists at UC Berkeley brought him in for research and gave him a room above the museum to live.
- Ishi died five year later from tuberculosis in San Francisco -
What is a bunch of tribes in the Amazon river basin that went extinct?
Yanamamo -
What is the acceptance of new ways; integration into mainstream society as first class citizen; (almost never happens)?
Assimilation -
What is it when indigenous groups of people become second-class citizens, not destroyed, but live apart-not fully assimilated; loose their autonomy, ability to make economic decisions, access to resources and land; (most common today)?
Creation of Subordinate Status -
What is an example of an indigenous group of people becoming a subordinate status?
History of Native North Americans: Wars > Slaughters > Promises & Treaties > Breaking of Treaties > Forced Removals > Subordinate Status, Trail of Tears, School Systems. -
Explain the Dawes Act of 1887:
- 100M acres of land lost by the native people to white settlers
- in exchange, government gave 160 acre (0.25 sq. mile) plots to each head of household
- if they accepted this land, they became US citizens and law of the land applied to them. -
What are systems of Directed Change by Modern Societies: Usually have been based on ethnocentric theories of social evolution?
Cultural Change and Modernization -
What is the (more recent) effect of powerful international corporations?
World-Systems Theory -
What do the Goals of Modernization: in “underdeveloped countries” usually include?
- Education
- Technology Transfer
- Participation in Cash Economy -
How would education take place for modernization?
-teach them english
-change unwanted social practices -
How would technology transfer take place for modernization?
-help upgrade to newer methods
-agriculture is more productive than horticulture
-agriculture is more productive than pastoralism. -
How would participation in Cash Economy take place in modernization?
putting more people to work give more tax revenues which give bigger salaries -
What are 4 case studies in moderization?
- Guarani Indians in itanarami Village in eastern Paraguay
- Apache housing Project
- Pastoralism in Kenya
- Cocaine trade in Bolivia
Describe the Guarani Indians of Itanarami Village in Eastern Paraguay:
-they dealt with deforestation at rapid rate
-their land and soil not suitable for mono cropping/raising livestock.
-Guarani traditional subsistence, crop rotation, slash and burn, small clearings
-Development enters, destroys land, way of life -
Describe the Apache Housing Projects (1962):
- Houses set on grid pattern, clash with traditional customs
- Apaches houses have to face east, must be a circular house, don’t like to have separate rooms, door has to face east, separate houses in a matrilineal cluster
- As soon as the govt. left, they moved out or tore down the houses
- Apache got sued for property damage
- Went to court and the Apache’s won -
A 1960’s aid program by the US government to the Apache Indians failed because of a lack of proper regard for differing cultural practices. This program involved
a. health care
b. free housing
c. education
d. low interest loans
free housing
Describe Pastoralism in Kenya:
forced agriculture in North, compared to southern tribe
-Were relocated to small farms and were forced to sell of their animals plots to pay off loans for their plots of land
-nomadic pastoralism was a very inefficient way to farm land
-kept people isolated without modernization
-ruined the land for pastoralism
-1/3 of of pastoralist population were living in famine camps by end of 1980. -
How many total moves do pastoralists in Kenya usually make in a year?
15 -
Describe the Cocaine Trade in Bolivia:
-facts and figures, cases studies of villages
-native indians of bolivia normally chewed coca leaves as an everyday tonic, to help breathe at higher altitudes, similar to having a cup of coffee
-the places to grow coca plants are also the best places for agriculture
-causes food shortage
-unable to buy food because of super high prices
-only job that paid enough wages was cocaine production
-growing and cutting of coca plants very little work –> coca paste –> refined to powder cocaine
-workers get addicted to cocain and given money and prostitutes
-countryside the drug lords rule
-despite, enormous hardship, still bolivia’s biggest income - and removal of the cocaine trade would ruin the country’s economy
What is Bolivia’s number 1 crop?
cocaine -
What percent of Bolivia’s total revenue is from cocaine?
70% -
The Kayapo tribe is in which country?
Brazil
