Anth 101 - Not Sure, Sites, Provenance, Matrix

Question 1

What are the four types of objectives that have guided archaeology over its history?

Answer 1

-Reconstructing material remains of the past (e.g. putting together pots, restoring houses, etc.)-Reconstructing the lifeways (culture)-Explaining the cultural processes (processual archaeology)

Question 2

What did processual archaeologists try to do to archaeology?

Answer 2

Make it an objective, empirical science in which hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be tested-As sciencey as possible, basically-Wa wa we want to be recognized-Used math and statistics-downplayed role of individual

Question 3

What have modern anthropologists concluded about processual archaeology?

Answer 3

-Neglected human agency-Neglected power of ideas and values in the construction of ancient cultures

Question 4

Post-processual or Interpretive Archaeology

Answer 4

-Stresses the symbolic and cognitive aspects of social structures and social relations

Question 5

Site

Answer 5

Precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity

Question 6

Artifacts

Answer 6

objects deliberately and intelligently shaped by human activity

Question 7

Features

Answer 7

Non-portable remnants from past, such as housewalls or ditches

Question 8

Ecofacts

Answer 8

Presence of remains such as plant residues or animal bones connected with food provisioning, which are not themselves artifacts but are by-products of human activity

Question 9

Matrix

Answer 9

The immediate ground in the site, e.g. clay, sand, gravel

Question 10

Provenance

Answer 10

Precise 3d position of the find in the matrix.

Question 11

Ethnoarchaeology

Answer 11

study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record.

Question 12

Survey

Answer 12

Physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites might be found.

Question 13

Survey technology/methods

Answer 13

-Just walking over a field and examining-Aerial surveys, inexpensive, high res-Satellite surveys, expensive and lo res-Echo sounding-Measuring electrical resistivity of soil-Metal detectors-ground-penetrating radar (GPR), 3d image of underground-Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Question 14

Ground-penetrating Radar

Answer 14

Radar, passes through different materials at different rates.Can create a deep 3d model of the ground.

Question 15

GIS

Answer 15

Geographic Information Systems-computer-aided system for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data”-Basically a giant database of tons of different kinds of info about anywhere on earth-Like google search for the earth…-Good for geo info, not so good for social or cultural modifications of environment

Question 16

Excavation

Answer 16

systematic uncovering of archaeological remains thru removal of soil and other material covering them or accompanying them

Question 17

What is bad about excavation?

Answer 17

A form of destructionA site, once excavated, is gone forever

Question 18

Archaeological culture

Answer 18

when surveys/excavations at several sites turn up the same assemblages. v helpful.

Question 19

subsistence strategy

Answer 19

different ways different societies go about meeting their basic material survival needs

Question 20

What are the two types of subsistence strategies?

Answer 20

-Food collectors or foragers (gather, fish, or hunt)-food producers (depend on domesticated plants and/or animals)

Question 21

Pastoralists

Answer 21

food producers (depend on domesticated plants and/or animals) that depend on herds

Question 22

Three types of agriculture

Answer 22

Extensive agriculture - Clear land, burn bush, plant crops in ash-enriched soil. Exhausts soil after two or three seasonsIntensive Agriculture - Use plows, animals, irrigation, fertilizer. Better and crop surplusesMechanized Industrial Agriculture - farming or animal husbandry organized along industrial lines

Question 23

What are the five formal categories used by anths to classify forms of human society?

Answer 23

BandTribeChiefdomStateEmpire

Question 24

Band

Answer 24

-Form of social org. found among foragers-Small, no more than 50-Labor divided according to age and sex-All adults had equal access to material/social valuables that were locally available-aka no classes or chiefs-“Egalitarian” equality

Question 25

Tribe

Answer 25

-Larger than a band (>50)-Farm or herd for a living-Still relatively egalitarian, although there is usually a chief who speaks for group or organizes group activities-Chief enjoys greater prestige but it doesn’t ordinarily translate to power or wealth

Question 26

Sodalities

Answer 26

Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest-Serve different functions each, police, military, medical, initiation, religious, recreation-Some conduct business in secret and require exclusive membership

Question 27

Chiefdom

Answer 27

-first social form to show evidence of permanent inequalities of wealth and power, in addition to inequality of status-generally larger than tribes and show greater degree of craft production, but not by full-time specialists-Exhibit greater degree of hierarchical political control, centred on chief and their relatives, based on great deeds-Chiefdoms either disappear (natufians) or develop into states

Question 28

State

Answer 28

stratified society that possesses a territory, defended from outside by army and from internal disorder by police-separate governmental institutions to enforce laws, collect taxes and tribute-run by an elite who possesses a monopoly by use of force

Question 29

What is interesting about Afghanistan and middle east

Answer 29

Tribal organizations continue to thrive and attempts to establish centralized states regularly fail

Question 30

NAGPRA

Answer 30

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Question 31

What does the first part of NAGPRA require?

Answer 31

All federal agencies/institutions to inventory aboriginal human remains in their possession, and other artifacts.-Must establish if any connection to living indigenous groups-Should a connection be found, organization must offer repatriation.-Aboriginal groups may also request repatriation of these remains

Question 32

What does the second part of NAGPRA require?

Answer 32

Protection of all aboriginal graves and artifacts on federal and tribal lands.-Any archaeology must consult with the aboriginal group

Question 33

Positive consequences of NAGPRA

Answer 33

-positive agreements with aboriginal groups interested in developing own museums or research programs-Archaeologists sometimes allowed to study, copy, and then return remains

Question 34

FINISHED ON PAGE 168

Answer 34

PG 168