Anth 101 - Complex Societies

Question 1

What are the four categories of societies?

Answer 1

Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States.scale of complexity, NOT progress

Question 2

Where were egalitarian social relations seen? What does this mean?

Answer 2

Early farming and herding societies.no big diffs in wealth, prestige or power

Question 3

As social complexity increases, social organization became?

Answer 3

Stratifiedincreasing differences in access to wealth, prestige, or power.control of surplus production by a few individuals becomes evident

Question 4

Complex societies have…

Answer 4

.large populations.extensive division of labor.occupational specialization.social stratification.class ranked hierarchically, defined by wealth or occupation

Question 5

How recognize complex societies?

Answer 5

.Monumental architecture, e.g. Pyramids (sophisticated, organized effort).Elaborate burials (ppl treated in death as in life).occupational specialization.regional settlement hierarchies, think of a province, cities, leading to towns/villages/hamlets and farms, all contributing to maintain the whole.cities need the support of smaller communities to sustain themselves

Question 6

Prime Movers (drivers of complexity)

Answer 6

.Domestication, gave people free time to invent complex social rules.Irrigation needs in dry areas, required bureaucracy to develop and manage complex canal systems.population pressure from growing populations, need for leaders.social conflict within societies

Question 7

Prime movers rely on….

Answer 7

Unicausal or single cause factors

Question 8

NO SLIDE 14-16 on W7b!

Answer 8

DO IT

Question 9

Until 10kya humans and hominin ancestors all lived as….

Answer 9

gatherers and hunters living in bands

Question 10

what spurred changes to humans hunter-gatherer methods 10kya?

Answer 10

glacier’s retreated and earth’s changing climate created new ecological settings

Question 11

Which geologic era begins 10kya?

Answer 11

Holocene

Question 12

Niche Construction

Answer 12

When organism actively changes its environment or moves to new environment

Question 13

Why is domestication a form of niche construction?

Answer 13

.reproduction of species altered by human action.human action changes local environmental settings

Question 14

how was wheat domesticated, or how did it change?

Answer 14

.tougher connections via their RACHIS to their cereal shafts.larger kernel size and increased # of kernels

Question 15

What did domestication lead to as far as human movement patterns?

Answer 15

Sedentism, or settling in one location

Question 16

indicators of animal domestication

Answer 16

.animals outside their natural range.physical changes in animal shape and size.abrupt increase in animal numbers in one location.increased # of males killed for meat (females kept cause could make milk and fur and other goods)

Question 17

What are the three models over a spectrum of animal domestication?

Answer 17

Hunting, Herding, to Farming

Question 18

Broad-Spectrum Foraging

Answer 18

.theory of domestication.directly related to climate change.resources more available, populations grew.so foraging and gathering from MULTIPLE sources.stress put on resources, leading to domestication

Question 19

Feasting Competition

Answer 19

.theory of domestication.feasting increases demand, land use increases.food production necessary to meet demands of feasting.feasting done to show dominance.this theory is dumb ok

Question 20

Fertile Crescent

Answer 20

Middle East, crescent where domestication first sprung up

Question 21

Natufians

Answer 21

complex hunter-gatherers in far east that developed farming.12.5-10kya.settled into villages.intensively exploited wild resources.social stratification increased.environmental changes led to domestication

Question 22

Which of the following plants is not a new world domesticate?

Answer 22

A: Maize (corn)B: SquashC: PotatoesD: PeppersE: Wheat�it’s corn

Question 23

Domestication occurred independently in which three areas of the americas? What did they domesticate?

Answer 23

mesoamerica.corn and squashsouth america.manioc, potatoes, beans, quinoa, llamaseastern us.goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflowers, squash

Question 24

What were the consequences of food production?

Answer 24

New technologies: pottery, architecture, groundstone, trade.population increase.spread of disease (urbanization).increased economic productivity.changing attitudes, social complexity

Question 25

Don’t have slide 19 guns germs steel

Answer 25

okaoasd

Question 26

State

Answer 26

.1500-millions pop..hi level of administration.royalty and other forms of status.writing systems.taxes and tribute.specialized govt.organized military

Question 27

Chiefdom

Answer 27

.ascribed status and rank.some individuals w power.500-1500 ppl.some specialization.socially stratified society

Question 28

Band

Answer 28

.mostly egalitarian.even access to wealth.hunter-gatherers.hi mobility.labor by age and/or sex

Question 29

Tribe

Answer 29

.may have achieved status or rank.relatively egalitarian.kinship type of social organization (families).somewhat sedentary.100-500 ppl.farming or herding societies (food producers)