ANS FInal Flashcards
Domestic
to adapt to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans
Tame
animal that is relativley tolerant of human presence
Wild
A
living in a natural, undomesticated state
criterion for domestication
- diet
- growth rate
- breed in captivity
- disposition
- less likely to panic
- size
- social hierarchy
flight zone
imaginary space around an animal in which it feels safe
how does field of vision affect certain animals
horse, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep all have >300 degrees of vision
sheep have 190-320 depending on wool
have blind area right in front of face for prey animals
what is point of balance
line at animals shoulder that makes them move
what are the hand tools used for animal management?
sheep hook
sorting pole
rattle paddle
hog slat
hog snare
halter
carnivore diet
> 80-90% animal based diet
chemical digestion
very limited microbial digestion
omnivore diet
meats
highly digestible plant components
chemical digestion
microbial digestion is limited to very limited (species dependent)
herbivore diet
primarily eat forages (low digestible plant components)
microbial digestion is primary
chemical digestion is secondary
4 types of digestive tracts
monogastric, ruminent, non-ruminent, modified monogastric
monogastric digestive tract
mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport
stomach –> chemical digestion
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> blind pouch
large intestine –> h2O absorption
NRH digestive tract
mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport
stomach –> chemical digestion
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> microbial digestion
large intestine –> H20 absorption and microbial digestion
modified monogastric digestive tract
esophagus –> transport
crop –> moistening
proventriculus –> chemical digestion
gizzard –> mastication
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
ceca –> two lobes
large intestine –> H20 absorption
cloaca –> defecation
ruminent digestive tract
mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport (go both ways)
rumen (fermentation vat/VFA’s absorbed) -> reticulum (strainer) -> omasum (water absorption) -> abomasum (gastric stomach, digests microbes and VFA’s (from feed)
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> blind pouch
large intestine –> H20 absorption and microbial digestion
feedstuff classifications
roughages, concentrates, feed additives
definition of a roughage
high in fibre so has low energy, has nitrogen fixation bacteria
types of roughages
protenacous (alfalfa) and carbonacous (grasses)
types of energy concentrates
plant sources and animal sources
protein concentrates from animals (2 examples)
bone or blood meal
protein concentrates from plants (2 examples)
cottonseed or soybean meal
2 types of feed additives
nutrient additives and non-nutrient additives
nutrient additives are
essential for life support
non-nutrient additives ….
alters metabolism
monogastric energy source
simple CHO’s
ruminents and NRH energy source
simple CHO’s are used, but VFA’s are primary energy substrate
where do monogastrics get protien?
from diet
where do ruminents/NRH get protien
diet and digested microbes
male repro tract
testes –> epidydimus –> vas deferens –> accesory glands —> glans penis
testes
sperm and hormone production
male gamete production occurs in
the seminiferous tublule
where are sertoli cells and what do they produce
inside seminiferous tubule –> estrogens
where are the leydig cells and what do they produce
outside the seminifeorus tubule –> testosterone
what is the epidymus responsible for
sperm storage and maturation
vas deferens is for
transport
what are the accessory glands
seminal, prostate, bulbourethral glands
corpus cavernosum
vascular control
tunica albuginea
rigid and fiberous
female repro tract
ovary –> oviduct –> uterus –> cervix –> vagina
functions of the ovary (endocrine and exocrine)
ex. ovum production, end. follicular cells produce estrogen and theca interna produces testosterone, corpus luteum produces progesterone
function of the uterus
nutrition, site of gestation, endocrine functions
functions of the cervix
physical barrier to protect uterus
functions of the vagina
semen depostion
functions of the oviduct
transport, site of fertilization, and embryo nutrition
estrus is
the period of receptivity of the female to be bred by the male
estrus cycle
all physiological events that occur from one ovulation to the next
proestrus
formation of the ovulatory follicles + estrogen secretion
estrus
sexual receptivity + peak estrogen secretion
metestrus
CL formation + beginning of progesterone secretion
diestrus
sustained luteal secretion of progesterone
castration
removal of the testicles
controlled/limited breeding season
limiting the time interval animals are allowed to mate
estrus synchronization
make all of the females go into heat at the same time, makes it more efficient
AI
semen is deposited in female repro tracts rather than by natural mating
breeding marks
marks made on the female when the male mounts her, can help identify earliest indication of conception, but they can wash off easily
P=G+E
phenotype = genetics + environment
gene expression (simple inherited gene expression)
dominance, recesssive, codominance, incomplete dominance
polygenic gene expression
additive gene action
gene
basic unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome
DNA
adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
chromosome
one of a number of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell.
inbreeding
mating of animals more closely related than the rest of the population
outbreeding
mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population
purebreeding purpose
concentrate genes of an outstanding anscestor in the linebred individuals
crossbreeding
breeding of animals of different breeds or species
types of sheep breeds
fine wool, meat, multipurpose, long wool, hair, and color
sheep feeding
weaning, creep feeder, use molassas and shit to make it taste better to convince sheeps to move over
when do sheep get bred
sept-nov
when does lambing occur
day 147 (mar-apr)
when does weaning occur in lambs
day 200 (may-june)
when do lambs go to market
day 260 (july-aug)
challenges of sheep industry
competing with synthetic fibres, and predetation and isolation for farmers
goat breed types
dairy, hair, meat
how long is a dairy cow’s lactation cycle
305 days
cows gestation cycle
285 days
when are dairy calves weaned
6/8 weeks of age
when are heifers first bred?
15 mos
when is a heifer’s first calving
24 mos
when is a dairy cow rebred
day 80 after first calving
when is early lactation
50-60 days
when is mid lactation
60-175 days
when is late lactation
175/180-305
what is grade a milk
<100,000 SCC and <1,000,000 bacteria/ml
what is grade b milk
scc > 250,000 and > 1,000,000 bacteria/ml
how is milk processed in the US
pasteurization and homogenization
what are the types of dairy products
- fluid milk
- soft products (yogurts, ice cream, sour creme)
- cheese
what are the types of dairy products
- fluid milk
- soft products (yogurts, ice cream, sour creme)
- cheese
- butter
why is there been more success recently in the dairy industry
DHIA, AI, and sire summaries
order of beef supply chain
(purebreeders) –> cow/calf operations –> stocker –> feedlot –> packers
quality grade
prediction of palatablility
yield grade
estimated proportion of “primary retail cuts” from a carcass
what 2 things determine quality grade
age and intramuscular fat
what are the grades of yield grade
1-5
gestation of beef cattle
285 days
what happens 6-8 weeks after calving for beef cattle
spring work
at 5-7 months for beef cattle
they are weaned
when do cows go to the stocker
at 5-7 mos
when do cows go to the feed lot
9-12 mos
when are grain-finished animals slaughtered
14/16 mos
estrus of a horse
5-7 days
ovulation of a horse
24-48 hours before end of estrus
gestation of a horse
335 days
why is horse confirmation important
pleasant riding experience and the horses health and wellbeing
what is the hand equivalent to on a horse
cannon
what is the human knuckle comparable to on a horse
fetlock
when are horses bred
in second estrus cycle after foaling
4 beat gait
walk
2 beat gait
trot
3 beat gait
canter
when do horses breed
spring – long day breeders
all in/all out cycle
days 1-3 all chicks come in
day 35-50 all chicks out
sterilization/sanitation 10 days
all in over again
all out day 45-60
lifecycle of laying hens
fertilization (day 0), hatching (day 21), growout (18-22 wks), laying phase (50 wks), molting at 68-72 wks old, then laying phase 2 occurs for 30-40 more weeks
egg classification
definition of yolk and air bubble size
farm flock
small numbers, east of the Mississippi river
range flock
large numbers, west of the missisippi river
lamb feedlots
feed lambs from weaning to 120-150 lbs
equine equivalent of shoulder blade
shoulder blade
equine equivalent of the upper arm
upper arm
equine equivalent of the forearm
forearm
equine equivalent of wrist
knee
equine equivalent of p-1
long pastern
equine equivalent of p-2
short pastern
equine equivalent of p-3
coffin joint
estrus cycle of swine
21 days
puberty of swine
6 months
gestation of swine
114 days
standing heat
2 days
what is ai duration for swine after standing heat
every 12 hours
when does ovulation occur for swine
abt 36-40 hours after standing heat
when are piglets weaned
21-28 days at 16-20 lbs
when are pigs in the nursery
from 3 weeks of age to 6-10 wks at 50-60 lbs
how long are pigs grow finished
enter at 50-60 lbs, 9 wks old. go to market at 280 lbs, abt 6 months old
how is pork graded
color, texture, and exudation
