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ANS 120 > ANS FInal > Flashcards

ANS FInal Flashcards

1
Q

Domestic

A

to adapt to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans

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2
Q

Tame

A

animal that is relativley tolerant of human presence

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3
Q

Wild

A

A
living in a natural, undomesticated state

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4
Q

criterion for domestication

A
  • diet
  • growth rate
  • breed in captivity
  • disposition
  • less likely to panic
  • size
  • social hierarchy
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5
Q

flight zone

A

imaginary space around an animal in which it feels safe

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6
Q

how does field of vision affect certain animals

A

horse, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep all have >300 degrees of vision
sheep have 190-320 depending on wool
have blind area right in front of face for prey animals

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7
Q

what is point of balance

A

line at animals shoulder that makes them move

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8
Q

what are the hand tools used for animal management?

A

sheep hook
sorting pole
rattle paddle
hog slat
hog snare
halter

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9
Q

carnivore diet

A

> 80-90% animal based diet
chemical digestion
very limited microbial digestion

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10
Q

omnivore diet

A

meats
highly digestible plant components
chemical digestion
microbial digestion is limited to very limited (species dependent)

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11
Q

herbivore diet

A

primarily eat forages (low digestible plant components)
microbial digestion is primary
chemical digestion is secondary

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12
Q

4 types of digestive tracts

A

monogastric, ruminent, non-ruminent, modified monogastric

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13
Q

monogastric digestive tract

A

mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport
stomach –> chemical digestion
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> blind pouch
large intestine –> h2O absorption

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14
Q

NRH digestive tract

A

mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport
stomach –> chemical digestion
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> microbial digestion
large intestine –> H20 absorption and microbial digestion

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15
Q

modified monogastric digestive tract

A

esophagus –> transport
crop –> moistening
proventriculus –> chemical digestion
gizzard –> mastication
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
ceca –> two lobes
large intestine –> H20 absorption
cloaca –> defecation

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16
Q

ruminent digestive tract

A

mouth –> mastication (mechanical) and saliva (chemical)
esophagus –> transport (go both ways)
rumen (fermentation vat/VFA’s absorbed) -> reticulum (strainer) -> omasum (water absorption) -> abomasum (gastric stomach, digests microbes and VFA’s (from feed)
small intestine –> proximal (digestion) and distal (absorption)
cecum –> blind pouch
large intestine –> H20 absorption and microbial digestion

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17
Q

feedstuff classifications

A

roughages, concentrates, feed additives

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18
Q

definition of a roughage

A

high in fibre so has low energy, has nitrogen fixation bacteria

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19
Q

types of roughages

A

protenacous (alfalfa) and carbonacous (grasses)

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20
Q

types of energy concentrates

A

plant sources and animal sources

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21
Q

protein concentrates from animals (2 examples)

A

bone or blood meal

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22
Q

protein concentrates from plants (2 examples)

A

cottonseed or soybean meal

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23
Q

2 types of feed additives

A

nutrient additives and non-nutrient additives

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24
Q

nutrient additives are

A

essential for life support

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25
Q

non-nutrient additives ….

A

alters metabolism

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26
Q

monogastric energy source

A

simple CHO’s

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27
Q

ruminents and NRH energy source

A

simple CHO’s are used, but VFA’s are primary energy substrate

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28
Q

where do monogastrics get protien?

A

from diet

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29
Q

where do ruminents/NRH get protien

A

diet and digested microbes

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30
Q

male repro tract

A

testes –> epidydimus –> vas deferens –> accesory glands —> glans penis

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31
Q

testes

A

sperm and hormone production

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32
Q

male gamete production occurs in

A

the seminiferous tublule

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33
Q

where are sertoli cells and what do they produce

A

inside seminiferous tubule –> estrogens

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34
Q

where are the leydig cells and what do they produce

A

outside the seminifeorus tubule –> testosterone

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35
Q

what is the epidymus responsible for

A

sperm storage and maturation

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36
Q

vas deferens is for

A

transport

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37
Q

what are the accessory glands

A

seminal, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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38
Q

corpus cavernosum

A

vascular control

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39
Q

tunica albuginea

A

rigid and fiberous

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40
Q

female repro tract

A

ovary –> oviduct –> uterus –> cervix –> vagina

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41
Q

functions of the ovary (endocrine and exocrine)

A

ex. ovum production, end. follicular cells produce estrogen and theca interna produces testosterone, corpus luteum produces progesterone

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42
Q

function of the uterus

A

nutrition, site of gestation, endocrine functions

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43
Q

functions of the cervix

A

physical barrier to protect uterus

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44
Q

functions of the vagina

A

semen depostion

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45
Q

functions of the oviduct

A

transport, site of fertilization, and embryo nutrition

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46
Q

estrus is

A

the period of receptivity of the female to be bred by the male

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47
Q

estrus cycle

A

all physiological events that occur from one ovulation to the next

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48
Q

proestrus

A

formation of the ovulatory follicles + estrogen secretion

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49
Q

estrus

A

sexual receptivity + peak estrogen secretion

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50
Q

metestrus

A

CL formation + beginning of progesterone secretion

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51
Q

diestrus

A

sustained luteal secretion of progesterone

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52
Q

castration

A

removal of the testicles

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53
Q

controlled/limited breeding season

A

limiting the time interval animals are allowed to mate

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54
Q

estrus synchronization

A

make all of the females go into heat at the same time, makes it more efficient

55
Q

AI

A

semen is deposited in female repro tracts rather than by natural mating

56
Q

breeding marks

A

marks made on the female when the male mounts her, can help identify earliest indication of conception, but they can wash off easily

57
Q

P=G+E

A

phenotype = genetics + environment

58
Q

gene expression (simple inherited gene expression)

A

dominance, recesssive, codominance, incomplete dominance

59
Q

polygenic gene expression

A

additive gene action

60
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

61
Q

DNA

A

adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

62
Q

chromosome

A

one of a number of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell.

63
Q

inbreeding

A

mating of animals more closely related than the rest of the population

64
Q

outbreeding

A

mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population

65
Q

purebreeding purpose

A

concentrate genes of an outstanding anscestor in the linebred individuals

66
Q

crossbreeding

A

breeding of animals of different breeds or species

67
Q

types of sheep breeds

A

fine wool, meat, multipurpose, long wool, hair, and color

68
Q

sheep feeding

A

weaning, creep feeder, use molassas and shit to make it taste better to convince sheeps to move over

69
Q

when do sheep get bred

A

sept-nov

70
Q

when does lambing occur

A

day 147 (mar-apr)

71
Q

when does weaning occur in lambs

A

day 200 (may-june)

72
Q

when do lambs go to market

A

day 260 (july-aug)

73
Q

challenges of sheep industry

A

competing with synthetic fibres, and predetation and isolation for farmers

74
Q

goat breed types

A

dairy, hair, meat

75
Q

how long is a dairy cow’s lactation cycle

A

305 days

76
Q

cows gestation cycle

A

285 days

77
Q

when are dairy calves weaned

A

6/8 weeks of age

78
Q

when are heifers first bred?

A

15 mos

79
Q

when is a heifer’s first calving

A

24 mos

80
Q

when is a dairy cow rebred

A

day 80 after first calving

81
Q

when is early lactation

A

50-60 days

82
Q

when is mid lactation

A

60-175 days

83
Q

when is late lactation

A

175/180-305

84
Q

what is grade a milk

A

<100,000 SCC and <1,000,000 bacteria/ml

85
Q

what is grade b milk

A

scc > 250,000 and > 1,000,000 bacteria/ml

86
Q

how is milk processed in the US

A

pasteurization and homogenization

87
Q

what are the types of dairy products

A
  1. fluid milk
  2. soft products (yogurts, ice cream, sour creme)
  3. cheese
88
Q

what are the types of dairy products

A
  1. fluid milk
  2. soft products (yogurts, ice cream, sour creme)
  3. cheese
  4. butter
89
Q

why is there been more success recently in the dairy industry

A

DHIA, AI, and sire summaries

90
Q

order of beef supply chain

A

(purebreeders) –> cow/calf operations –> stocker –> feedlot –> packers

91
Q

quality grade

A

prediction of palatablility

92
Q

yield grade

A

estimated proportion of “primary retail cuts” from a carcass

93
Q

what 2 things determine quality grade

A

age and intramuscular fat

94
Q

what are the grades of yield grade

A

1-5

95
Q

gestation of beef cattle

A

285 days

96
Q

what happens 6-8 weeks after calving for beef cattle

A

spring work

97
Q

at 5-7 months for beef cattle

A

they are weaned

98
Q

when do cows go to the stocker

A

at 5-7 mos

99
Q

when do cows go to the feed lot

A

9-12 mos

100
Q

when are grain-finished animals slaughtered

A

14/16 mos

101
Q

estrus of a horse

A

5-7 days

102
Q

ovulation of a horse

A

24-48 hours before end of estrus

103
Q

gestation of a horse

A

335 days

104
Q

why is horse confirmation important

A

pleasant riding experience and the horses health and wellbeing

105
Q

what is the hand equivalent to on a horse

A

cannon

106
Q

what is the human knuckle comparable to on a horse

A

fetlock

107
Q

when are horses bred

A

in second estrus cycle after foaling

108
Q

4 beat gait

A

walk

109
Q

2 beat gait

A

trot

110
Q

3 beat gait

A

canter

111
Q

when do horses breed

A

spring – long day breeders

112
Q

all in/all out cycle

A

days 1-3 all chicks come in
day 35-50 all chicks out
sterilization/sanitation 10 days
all in over again
all out day 45-60

113
Q

lifecycle of laying hens

A

fertilization (day 0), hatching (day 21), growout (18-22 wks), laying phase (50 wks), molting at 68-72 wks old, then laying phase 2 occurs for 30-40 more weeks

114
Q

egg classification

A

definition of yolk and air bubble size

115
Q

farm flock

A

small numbers, east of the Mississippi river

116
Q

range flock

A

large numbers, west of the missisippi river

117
Q

lamb feedlots

A

feed lambs from weaning to 120-150 lbs

118
Q

equine equivalent of shoulder blade

A

shoulder blade

119
Q

equine equivalent of the upper arm

A

upper arm

120
Q

equine equivalent of the forearm

A

forearm

121
Q

equine equivalent of wrist

A

knee

122
Q

equine equivalent of p-1

A

long pastern

123
Q

equine equivalent of p-2

A

short pastern

124
Q

equine equivalent of p-3

A

coffin joint

125
Q

estrus cycle of swine

A

21 days

126
Q

puberty of swine

A

6 months

127
Q

gestation of swine

A

114 days

128
Q

standing heat

A

2 days

129
Q

what is ai duration for swine after standing heat

A

every 12 hours

130
Q

when does ovulation occur for swine

A

abt 36-40 hours after standing heat

131
Q

when are piglets weaned

A

21-28 days at 16-20 lbs

132
Q

when are pigs in the nursery

A

from 3 weeks of age to 6-10 wks at 50-60 lbs

133
Q

how long are pigs grow finished

A

enter at 50-60 lbs, 9 wks old. go to market at 280 lbs, abt 6 months old

134
Q

how is pork graded

A

color, texture, and exudation

ANS 120 (15 decks)

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