ANS 2

Question 1

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer 1

1. low BP leads to relative increase in sympathetic output

2. High BP leads to relative increase in parasympathetic output

Question 2

Humoral response to low blood pressure: controlled by?

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

Hypothalamus controls

Answer 3

release of hormones via the pituitary

Question 4

vasopressin causes

Answer 4

vasoconstriction, which acts on kidneys to increase water retention

Question 5

where is vasopressin released from

Answer 5

posterior pituitary

Question 6

Low blood pressure causes ____ to be releases from kidneys

Answer 6

renin

Question 7

what does renin do?

Answer 7

activates angiotensiongen (from liver) to angiotensin I, which can be activated to angiotensin II

Question 8

angiotensin II functions

Answer 8

1. constricts blood vessels
2. acts on kidney to increase water retention
3. activated neurons in subfornical organ

Question 9

Opposing effects of _____ enable homeostasis

Answer 9

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 10

____ coordinates ANS and humoral responses

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in ___

Answer 11

brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.

Question 12

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are characterized by?

Answer 12

long axons, use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, and innervate postganglionic neurons located in ganglia near or in the effector organ.

Question 13

The parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers exit the brainstem in?

Answer 13

cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).

Question 14

The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons

Answer 14

1. use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

2. Due to their location in or near the effector organ, they are characterized by short axons.

Question 15

The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the?

Answer 15

splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs.

This portion of the system functions to control “emptying”, e.g. urination, defecation, and erection.

Question 16

Increased parasympathetic output results in?

Answer 16

decreased heart rate and force of contraction.

Question 17

parasympathetic output may result in some small amount of

Answer 17

vasodilation,

but most vasodilation is controlled by decreased sympathetic output.

Question 18

There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ACh binds and elicits a cholinergic response?

Answer 18

1. nicotinic (stimulated by nicotine)

2. muscarinic (stimulated by muscarine)

Question 19

nicotinic receptors are present in the?

Answer 19

cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia

Question 20

muscarinic receptors are present on the ?

Answer 20

effector cells of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Question 21

The nicotinic receptor is a?

Answer 21

ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel.

Question 22

α1 CV related action of agonist

Answer 22

vasoconstriction in skin

Question 23

α2 CV related action of agonist

Answer 23

Presynaptic inhibition of NE release

some vasoconstriction