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Orthopedics > Ankle, Foot, Toes (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Ankle, Foot, Toes (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

25% of all sports related injuries are ____ ankle sprain.

A

Inversion

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2
Q

95% of all ankle sprains are of the ____ ligament complex, due to inversion sprains.

A

Lateral

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3
Q

Single ligament injured. (Usually anterior talofibular ligament)

A

1st Degree Sprain

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4
Q

Two ligament injured. (anterior talofibular and fibulocalcaneal)

A

2nd Degree Sprain

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5
Q

All three lateral ligaments injured. (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, fibulocalcaneal)

A

3rd Degree Sprain

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6
Q

Generally 1st and 2nd degree sprains can be effectively managed _______.

A

Non-operatively.

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7
Q 
RICE
WBAT
Joint Protection (Braces, Orthoses, Tape, Cast)
AROM DF and Eversion
Isometric Exercises
A

Phase I - Maximum Protection

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8
Q 
Weight Bearing without crutches
ROM and Isometrics without pain
Controlled Swelling
FWB
Concentric/Eccentric Exercises (Theraband/Ankle Weights)
Joint Protection
Proprioception Exercises
Avoidance of unwanted stresses
A

Phase II - Moderate Protection Phase

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9
Q 
All resistive exercises
Ambulate without pain/limping
Approximately 4 weeks after injury
Joint protection during activities
Running (Straight-line Jogging 1st)
Jumping
Plyometrics
Proprioception Exercises
A

Phase III - Minimum Protection Phase

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10
Q

Complete deltoid ligament ruptures occur in combination with _____.

A

Ankle fractures

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11
Q

Two types of instabilities with chronic ankle sprains.

A

Mechanical Instabilities and Functional Instabilities

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12
Q

Laxity of the ankle ligaments. (Mechanical Instability)

A

Peroneus brevis is rerouted through a surgically constructed tunnel in distal fibula. Stabilizes the lateral ankle.

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13
Q

Rehab following surgical repair for mechanical instability.

A

Strict, rigid cast immobilization for 2 weeks. Followed by hinged rigid orthosis that allows limited ROM for 5-6 weeks. PROM DF and PF later immobilization phase.

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14
Q

Feeling of giving away. (Functional Instability)

A

Problems with strength, proprioception, and/or ligament stability.

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15
Q

Rehab for functional instability.

A

Close Chain Resistance Exercises (Cone Tapping)
Proprioception
Concentric/Eccentric Loading
Bracing for support

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16
Q

Sprain of the syndesmotic ligaments of the distal tib-fib joint. Example: Leg/Foot twist into ER (Football, Hockey, Soccer).

A

High Ankle Sprain

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17
Q

Instability of the peroneal tendons with resulting pain and disability. Example: DF with slight everted.

A

Subluxing Peroneal Tendons

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18
Q

Some patients have a loose ___ that supports tendons in the peroneal groove.

A

Retinaculum

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19
Q

Acute Injury Subluxing Peroneal Tendons

A

Rigid-cast immobilization and NWB for 6 weeks.

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20
Q

Chronic or Recurring Subluxing Peroneal Tendons

A

Surgical repair. (Bone block, rerouting, periosteal flaps, groove deepening, tendon slings).

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21
Q

Overuse injury resulting from repetitive micro trauma and accumulative overloading of the tendon.

A

Achilles Tendonitis

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22
Q

Localized pain at mid portion or distal third of the tendon, or where it inserts into the calcaneus.

A

Primary Feature (Achilles Tendonitis)

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23
Q

Decreased vascularity, aging, degeneration, increased pronation, poor gastroc/soleus flexibility, changing in training, poor footwear.

A

Causes of Achilles Tendonitis

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24
Q

One of the most common injuries in many sports, but is very prevalent in runners.

A

Achilles Tendonitis

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25
Greater injury in Men > Women. Ages 35-45 usually.
Achilles Tendonitis
26
Chronic degeneration of tissue without inflammation.
Tendinosis
27
In most cases, _______ is the result of tendinosis not tendinitis.
Achilles Tendon Pain
28
Helps to control pronation.
Achilles Tendon
29
Excessive pronation, decreased DF ROM, decreased subtalar eversion.
Risk Factors of Achilles Tendonitis
30
Two Types of Achilles Tendinitis
Mid-portion, Insertional
31
Medial portion of tendon. Usually 2-6 cm above insertion.
Mid-portion Tendinopathy
32
Less common, deep surface of tendon. More resistant to treatment.
Insertional Tendinopathy
33
Bony enlargement at the back of the heel.
Haglund's Deformity
34
Between achilles and calcaneus.
Bursitis
35
Calcified portions of achilles tendon.
Posterior Heel Spurs
36
72 hours after injury (phase)
Inflammation
37
1-4 weeks (phase)
Repair
38
A long time! (phase)
Remodeling
39
Rehab for Achilles Tendinopathy
``` Initially: RICE Ultrasound, Iontophoresis Heel-lift in shoe After acute pain subsides: Gastroc/Soleus stretching Progressive tendon loading Eccentric training for gastro/soleus ```
40
Educational Intervention, Unloading of Tendon, Gradual Reloading of Tendon, Prevention of Tendon Pain
EdUReP Model
41
Time course of Intervention
Unload: Weeks, Reload: Months, Prevent: Years
42
Braces applied in circumfrential manner to impose a compressive force.
Unload
43
Tendon loading stimulates an acute increase of collagen synthesis, and increases degradation of collagen.
Tendon Reloading
44
Excessive sudden PF. Usually occurs 3-4 cm proximal to achilles insertion. Mostly males 20-50.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
45
Rehab for Achilles Rupture (Non-operative)
Immobilization 8 weeks. Regain strength, ROM, progressive strengthening.
46
Rehab for Achilles Rupture (Surgical)
Immobilization 6 weeks. Progression of ROM, strength, and proprioception. Good results usually 6-9 months.
47
Acute or chronic elevated tissue pressure with in a closed fascial space.
Compartment Syndromes
48
Tibial fractures, direct trauma, muscle rupture, burns.
Causes of Compartment Syndrome
49
Muscular contraction and exertion result in muscle hypertrophy, leading to increased intracompartmental pressure.
Exertional Compartment Syndrome
50
Tibialis anterior, anterior tibial vein and artery, foot extensor muscles.
Anterior Compartment
51
Superficial peroneal nerve, short and long peroneal muscles.
Lateral Compartment
52
Soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius tendons.
Superficial Posterior Compartment
53
Posterior tibial muscle, peroneal artery and vein, tibial nerve, and posterior tibial nerve and vein.
Deep Posterior Compartment
54
Acute Compartment Syndrome longer than 12 hours.
Severe and irreversible damage occurs.
55
Bimalleolar fracture plus posterior margin of tibia.
Trimalleolar Fracture
56
For ankle fractures avoid ___ and ___ motions.
Inversion and Eversion
57
Vertical or axial load that drives or compresses tibia onto talus.
Pillon Fracture
58
Caused by falls from height.
Calcaneus Fracture
59
Falling from height and landing on foot in couched position.
Talus Fracture
60
Apophysitis of the calcaneus. Boys ages 7-15. Posterior heel pain occurs during awakening and during/after activity.
Sever's Disease
61
Tibia bends slightly due to ground reaction forces.
Tibia Loading
62
Pain which extends for at least 2 inches along the middle to bottom 1/3 of the shin. Aggravated by weight bearing activity, subsides with rest.
MTSS (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome)
63
Throbbing, aching, or burning pain along the medial aspect of the tibia. Increases as a run continues. Tenderness along the medial edge of the tibia and medial anterior tibia.
MTSS (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome)
64
Females twice as likely to develop _______.
MTSS
65
Long distance runners are more likely to develop _________ compared to other athletes. Very common first few weeks of an athletic season.
Stress Fracture
66
Training errors, amenorrhea, anorexia, osteoporosis, leg length discrepancies, forefoot varus, poor eating habits, and high arches.
Risk Factors for Stress Fractures
67
Treadmill runners may be decrease risk for _____ due to less tibial strain.
Stress Fractures
68
Most ____ occurs at the junction of the middle and distal one third, along the posterior medial surface.
Tibial Stress Fractures
69
Navicular, 2nd or 3rd Metatarsals, Narrowest point of bone.
Common areas for Stress Fractures
70
Localized dull ache that worsens with activity. Initially feels better during middle of runs. Tenderness at the fracture site. If activity continues will have pain at rest.
Stress Fractures
71
Single Leg Hop Test
Stress Fracture
72
Chronic inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis. Repetitive micro trauma.
Plantar Fasciitis (Heel Spur Syndrome)
73
Another Chronic Plantar Fasciitis Name
Plantar Fasciosis
74
Pain along medial border calcaneus on plantar surface. Worse in the morning, tender at medial tuberosity of balances and plantar aponeurosis.
Plantar Fasciitis
75
Medial longitudinal arch, is reduced and medial border of foot contracts ground in standing (Foot Flat).
Pes Planus
76
Abnormally high arch. Painful calluses beneath metatarsal heads due to friction and pressure.
Pes Cavus
77
Neuroma usually located between 3rd and 4th metatarsals. Diffuse pain, occasionally radiating distally to toes and proximally to dorsal or plantar surface of foot (Burning, Cramping, Catching). Painful mass.
Morton's Neuroma
78
Lateral (valgus) deviation of the great toe with soft tissue and bony deformity. (Bunions)
Hallux Valgus
79
MTP Neutral or Extended PIP Flexion DIP Flexion or Extended
Hammer Toes
80
MTP Hyperextension PIP Flexion DIP Flexion
Claw Toe
81
MTP Neutral PIP Neutral DIP Flexed
Mallet Toe
82
Allows greater joint movement. Needed for accommodating shock and irregular terrain.
Pronation
83
Joints become less mobile. Necessary for effective push off.
Supination
84
To correct forefoot varus.
Medial Post
85
To correct forefoot valgus.
Lateral Wedge
86
To correct rearfoot varus.
Medial Posting

Orthopedics (17 decks)

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