Ankle And Foot

Question 1

What is reciprocal inhibition

Answer 1

When an agonist contracts, the antagonist gets reciprocal inhibition

Muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow contraction on the other side of the joint

Agonist motor units are activated, causing reciprocal neural inhibition of antagonist

Allows lengthening of antagonist

Dorsal and ventral root do this

Question 2

How many bones in each foot

Answer 2

26

Question 3

What are the functions of the foot

Answer 3

Load baring
Locomotion
Shock absorption
Lever for propulsion

Question 4

What is the longitudinal arch and what does it consist of

Answer 4

The arch that runs from ankle to toe

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular bone
Cuneiform/cuboid bones (lateral side)
Metatarsals

Question 5

What is the transverse arch

Answer 5

Extend from first metatarsal (big toe) to fifth metatarsal

Question 6

What are the features of low arches

Answer 6

Softer foot type
Good shock absorption
Less propulsive

Question 7

What are the features of high arches

Answer 7

Rigid foot
Poor shock absorption
Good propulsion

Question 8

What is the plantar fascia

Answer 8

A web like ligament structure

Attached to calcaneous, metatarsals, phalanges and the skin

Helps support arches and load bearing

Question 9

What is plantar fasciitis

Answer 9

Heel pain

Inflammatory, overtraining

Tightness in Achilles

Breakdown of collagen in the joint causes

Question 10

Describe the ankle joint

Answer 10

• ankle joint, talocrural
  = tibia, fibular and talus

Hinge joint, plantar and dorsi

More plantar than dorsi

Question 11

What plane and axis does the ankle work in

Answer 11

Saggital plane, frontal axis

Question 12

What are the other joints of foot and ankle

Answer 12

• subtalar (under talus, between calcaneous)
• transverse tarsal joint
  (Between talus and navicular and calcaneous and cuboid)

= THESE TWO ALLOW INVERSION AND EVERSION

• Tarsometatarsal joint
  (Between cuneiforms on medial side and cuboid on lateral side and metatarsals)
• metatarsophalangeal joint
• interphalangeal joints, proximal and distal

Question 13

What are the 4 compartments of the muscles of the foot and ankle

Answer 13

Superficial posterior
Deep posterior
Anterior
Lateral

Question 14

What makes up the superficial posterior compartment

Answer 14

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Question 15

What is the insertion and origin of the gastrocnemius

Answer 15

• origin, posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle
• insertion, posterior surface of the calcaneous

Question 16

What is the insertion and the origin of the soleus

Answer 16

Origin - posterior surface of head of fibula and proximal half of the posterior tibial surface

Insertion - posterior surface of calcaneous

= plantarflexion and inversion

Question 17

What makes up the deep posterior compartment

Answer 17

Tibial is posterior

(assists with plantar flexion and inversion)

Flexor digiitorum longus - toe flexor

Flexor hallucis longus - big toe flexor

Question 18

What makes up the anterior compartment

Answer 18

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

All primary dorsi flexors

Question 19

What makes up the lateral compartment

Answer 19

Peroneus longus

Peroneus breviary

Peroneus tertius

Primary evertors

Question 20

What are the causes of Achilles tendon rupture

Answer 20

• sudden dorsiflexion whist muscle is in tension
• heavy activation after periods of activity

Question 21

What are shin splints

Answer 21

Small tears/inflammation of muscles attaching to tibia