Animals Pt.1 - T3 S1 P2 Flashcards
adult echinoderm symmetry
5-part radial symmetry
echinoderm phylum
Echinodermata
echinoderm environment
marine
echinoderm water vascular system
tube feet
5 familiar classes of echinoderm
sea lilies, sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins and sand dollars
echinoderm brain
no head or brain,
central nerve ring
echinoderm reproduction
sexual
echinoderm larvae symmetry
start bilateral
Are most chordates vertebrates or invertebrates?
vertebrates
chordate ancestor’s environment
aquatic
Chordates arose with most other animal phyla during the ___.
Cambrian explosion
4 distinguishing features of chordates
notochord;
dorsal, hollow nerve cord;
pharyngeal pouches or slits;
postanal tail
cranium of most chordates
bony or cartilage-rich
What does the cranium protect?
brain
examples of craniates
hagfish and vertebrates
have a vertebral column
vertebrates
What are vertebrae composed of?
cartilage or bone
What do vertebrae protect?
spinal cord
provide attachment place for muscles
vertebrae
type of jaw developed from gill supports
hinged jaw
What expanded the ways an animal could feed?
jaws
Lungs are ___ to the swim bladders of bony fishes.
homologous
name for the lungs of most fish
gills
Most air-breathing vertebrates have ___.
lungs
vertebrates with 2 pairs of limbs
tetrapods
enable animals to walk on land
limbs
have keratin based body coverings
amniotes
have a ‘naked skin’ body covering
amphibians
What do fish scales derive from?
bone
body temperature regulation:
fluctuates with the environment
ectotherm
body temperature regulation:
no internal mechanism to regulate temperature
ectotherm
body temperature regulation:
invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles
ectotherm
body temperature regulation:
maintain body temperature using heat generated by metabolism
endotherm
body temperature regulation:
birds and mammals
endotherm
have neither cranium nor backbone
tunicates and lancelets
modern organisms that most resemble the ancestral chordates
tunicates and lancelets
body covering
tunic
free-swimming larvae, adults are sessile (retain only pharyngeal slits)
tunicates
also called amphioxus, resemble small fish, display all 4 chordate characteristics
lancelets
have a cranium but lack a backbone
hagfishes
‘slime eel’, cartilage makes up notochord and supports tail, vertebrae don’t surround nerve cord
hagfishes
widely considered on of the ugliest animals in the world, combines nearly every quality we find repulsive in animals
hagfish
aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins, changed the course of vertebrate evolution
fishes
Lungs and limbs originated in what?
fishes
(T/F) Fishes may or may not have jaws.
true
examples of jawless fishes
lampreys and ostracoderms
simplest organisms to have cartilage around the nerve cord
lampreys
extinct jawless fishes
ostracoderms
examples of jawed fishes
placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fish
extinct jawed fishes
placoderms
fishes such as sharks, skates, and rays that have a lateral line
cartilaginous fishes
96% of existing fish species, bony tissue reinforced with calcium phosphate
bony fish
2 classes of bony fish
ray-finned fishes,
lobe-finned fishes (lungfishes, coelacanths)
were the first tetrapods, lead a double life on land and in water
amphibians
Do amphibian eggs have protective shells?
no
What new adaptations formed in amphibians due to their life on land?
lungs improved,
denser skeleton,
circulatory system more complex and powerful
Tadpoles have ___ gills.
external
3 main lineages of amphibians
frogs and toads,
salamanders and newts,
caecilians
amphibians with no necks
frogs and toads
amphibians with tails and 4 legs
salamanders and newts
limbless amphibians
caecilians
the first vertebrates to thrive on dry land
reptiles
most live and reproduce on dry land, tough scales, internal fertilization, amniotic eggs
reptiles
4 main groups of non-avian reptiles
turtles and tortoises,
lizards and snakes,
tuataras,
crocodilians
reptilian group which includes birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians
archosaurs
warm, feathered reptiles
birds
provide important clues to the evolutionary history of birds
archaeopteryx,
fossils of feathered reptiles
What makes birds unique among reptiles?
feathers
most fly, some are flightless, lightweight bones, 4-chambered, unique lungs, endotherms
birds
warm, furry milk-drinkers; share a common ancestor with reptiles; lay eggs or bear live young
mammals
Mammals and their immediate ancestors are ___.
synapsids
mammary glands and hair, 3 middle ear bones, lower jaw is 1 bone, 4 distinctive types of teeth, 4-chambered heart, brain's outer layer well developed, diaphragm for breathing
mammals
mammals that lay eggs
monotremes
examples of monotremes
duck-billed platypus,
echidnas
mammals that give birth to immature young
marsupials
examples of marsupials
kangaroos and opossums
mammals that have a placenta, much longer pregnancy, known as Eutherians
placental mammals
uncanny mix of fish and tetrapod characteristics, adds to our knowledge about tetrapod evolution, predictive power
Tiktaalik roseae
What did snakes evolve from?
lizards
2 hypotheses for how snakes lost their limbs
snakes evolved on land or in the sea
snake with functional legs, pelvis, and sacrum; more primitive than any other snake found; fossil of terrestrial origin
Najash rionegrina
(T/F) Invertebrates have minimal diversity, unlike mammals.
false (extreme diversity)
