Animal reproduction

Question 1

what is the definition of reproduction?

Answer 1

production of offspring

Question 2

what is the definition of sex?

Answer 2

fusion of genetic material from 2 different parents

Question 3

what is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

asexual doesn’t involve sex

Question 4

where do the genes come from in asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

all genes from 1 parent

Question 5

what are the offspring like from asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

genetically identical

Question 6

what are 3 advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

1) cheap
2) easy
3) relatively error free

Question 7

what is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Answer 7

it transmits any mutations that may have occurred

Question 8

what are 4 types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

1) fragmentation
2) Binary fission
3) Budding
4) Parthenogenesis

Question 9

what is genomic imprinting?

Answer 9

the use of only one copy of a gene either from the mum or the dad - the other copy is epigenetically silenced

Question 10

what is parthenogenesis?

Answer 10

Unfertilised eggs develop into offspring but are not haploid

Question 11

In a species that can reproduce both sexually and asexually, in a high stress environment which reproductive strategy are they likely to use?

Answer 11

sexual reproduction

Question 12

In a species that can reproduce both sexually and asexually, in a low stress environment which reproductive strategy are they likely to use?

Answer 12

asexual reproduction

Question 13

how long has sexual reproduction lasted for?

Answer 13

1.5-2 billion years

Question 14

what does sexual reproduction involve?

Answer 14

meiosis

Question 15

how does sexual reproduction provide variation?

Answer 15

recombination and segregation

Question 16

what is the advantage of recombination and segregation?

Answer 16

purges deleterious mutations and bring together novel genetic combinations

Question 17

what is the definition of gametogenesis?

Answer 17

production of gametes

Question 18

what is the definition of mating?

Answer 18

transferring of gametes

Question 19

what is the definition of fertilisation?

Answer 19

the fusion of gametes

Question 20

what is crucial for external fertilisation to be successful?

Answer 20

requires water

Question 21

3 problems of external fertilisation?

Answer 21

1) can’t control delivery
2) predation
3) requires huge numbers of gametes

Question 22

describe indirect internal fertilisation?

Answer 22

male deposits sperm ‘packet’(spermatophore) and female picks it up

Question 23

describe direct internal fertilisation? (copulation)

Answer 23

where sperm is transferred directly into a female (oien by

an intromijent organ)

Question 24

describe an example of direct fertilisation in the blanket octypus?

Answer 24

Male detaches mating arm (hectocotylus) & leaves it to enter female

Question 25

what is a hermaphrodite?

Answer 25

an individual with both male and female reproductive parts

Question 26

which is more energy expensive to make eggs or sperm?

Answer 26

eggs

Question 27

what is traumatic insemination?

Answer 27

the females lack a genital opening and males pierce membranes and place sperm into the female’s haemocoel

Question 28

what is sexual cannibalism?

Answer 28

females kill mate during or after copulation

Question 29

what are 2 thought reasons sexual cannibalism?

Answer 29

1) for nutrition
2) a strategy for males to maximise paternity as copulation goes on longer and females don’t feel the need to copulate again

Question 30

what is hijacking in reproduction?

Answer 30

bacteria transferred in eggs not sperm killing males and inducing parthenogenesis