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Foundation block > Animal Management > Flashcards

Animal Management Flashcards

1
Q

Herbivore anatomy

A

Large, wide flat back teeth (ruminants, no front teeth)

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2
Q

How does the anatomy change based on diet (example of calf to cow)

A

Large abomasum for liquid diet changes to large rumen for digesting plant matter

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3
Q

Forage

A

Any plant matter

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of pasture?

A

Rough grazing, permanent pasture, ley (grass sewn for forage), and rotational grass

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5
Q

Maize and fodder production

A
  • Leaves dry, whole crop chopped and grain cracked
  • Common for dairy due to high DM and starch content
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6
Q

How does the composition of grass change?

A
  • Early grass, high protein
  • Late grass, low protein, more fibrous
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7
Q

Silage (forage conservation)

A
  • Pickled and fermented
  • Grass is cut and oxygen is squeezed out which allows bacteria to break down sugars producing lactic acid and preserves hay
  • Exposure ot oxygen makes it go bad
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8
Q

Hay (forage conservation)

A
  • Dried, nutritive losses
  • Easy to transport, less contamination, small volumes
  • suspect to mould and oxidation
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9
Q

Haylage (forage conservation)

A
  • hay x silage
  • higher water content, prone to spoilage
  • fed to horses
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10
Q

Straw (forage conservation)

A
  • Dried stem of wheat, barely and oats.
  • Given to ruminants on high concentrate diets
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11
Q

Concentrates

A
  • High in protein and energy
  • Need to be fed with roughage in ruminants to avoid acidosis.
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12
Q

Straights (type of concentrate)

A

Individual grain

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13
Q

Mixes (type of concentrate)

A

Variety of grains as museli or pellets

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14
Q

Cow

A

Adult female

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15
Q

Heifer

A

Female who has had 1 or less calves

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16
Q

Bull

A

Male

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17
Q

Steer/ Bullock

A

Castrated male

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18
Q

Bull Calf

A

Male calf

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19
Q

Calf

A

Young bovine

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20
Q

Dairy cow common management types (3)

A
  • Indoor year round (zero-grazing)
  • Outdoors year round
  • Mixed
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21
Q

Beef cow management types (2)

A
  • Intensive- housed and fed concentrates (suitable for later maturing breeds who grow quickly)
  • Extensive- Beef from grass (Early maturing breeds who need to be grown longer)
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22
Q

Calf nutritional requirements

A
  • Colostrum
  • Water (from day 1)
  • Milk
  • Concentrates
  • Forage
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23
Q

Vet roles in bovine industry

A

Abattoir work, government, research, investigation officers

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24
Q

Dairy cows insemination options

A
  • Dairy x Dairy (Bull calfs raised as meat)
  • Dairy x Beef (worth more in beef industry)
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25
Q

Suckler Herds

A

Cows kept purely for beef. (sold as calves, kept on farm until slaughter, sold as stores)

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26
Q

Store cattle

A

Older cows being housed a second winter to fatten on grass and sold under 30 months.

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27
Q

Holstein- Friesian

A

Dairy, black and white, high milk, 680-770kg

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28
Q

Ayrshire

A

Dairy, dark red and white, smaller and hardy, housed mostly outdoors, 450-600kg

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29
Q

Jersey

A

Dairy, milk rich in butterfat, 400-450kg

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30
Q

Guernsey

A

Dairy, red-brown and white patches, high butterfat content, 450-500kg

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31
Q

Hereford

A

Native (slow growing), beef, red with white face and chest, fast growing with food feed conversion

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32
Q

Aberdeen Angus

A

Native (slow growing), beef, black, good calving ease and good milk for young, good feed conversion and naturally polled (no horns)

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33
Q

Belgium Blue

A

Beef, White, blue roan or black, double muscling, struggle to give birth, high feed conversion and good temperament

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34
Q

Limousin

A

Beef, Golden Red, meat has low proportion of bone and fat, high feed conversion

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35
Q

Simmental

A

Beef, Light brown and white patches, Highly efficient, minimal waste fat, docile and good mothering ability

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36
Q

Difference between horse and pony

A
  • Determined by height (foot to withers. Ponies are less than 14.2 hands)
  • 1 hand = 4 inches
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37
Q

Heavy breeds/ cold bloods and function (UK native - 5)

A
  • Strong, easy going
  • Designed to pull farm machinery
  • Inclu. Shire, Clydesdale, Suffolk, Cleaveland Bay, Irish Draught
38
Q

UK native ponies (Children’s riding ponies) (5)

A

Shetland, Dartmoor, Exmoor, New Forest, Welsh

39
Q

UK native ponies (Tough, evolved to live in wild places) (3)

A

Connemara, Dales, Highland

40
Q

Hotbloods

A
  • Speedy, less calm
    (ex. Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Quarter Horse, Arab)
41
Q

Breeds commonly used for competition in UK

A
  • Thoroughbred (racing)
  • Warmblood (thoroughbred x cold blood)
  • Irish Sport Horse (Thoroughbred x Irish Draft)
42
Q

Dressage

A
  • Executing complex movements based on control and steering.
  • Exclusively warmbloods
  • “Horse Dancing”
43
Q

Showjumping

A
  • Fastest time to complete jumps without faults (knocking poles, stoping or missing jump)
  • Exclusively warmbloods
44
Q

Eventing

A
  • Triathalon (dressage, cross country, show jumping)
  • Usually Thoroughbred crosses
45
Q

Racing (and types (2))

A
  • Flat racing: shorter distance, no jumps, horses 2-3 years
  • National Hunt racing: longer over fences, horses 4-5 years
46
Q

Polo

A
  • 4 riders per team, hit balls through goal
  • Thoroughbred or thoroughbred cross
47
Q

Endurance

A
  • Long distance races, have to pass vet checkpoints
  • Arab
48
Q

Driving

A
  • Teams of 1,2,4 horses pull carraige through obstacles
49
Q

Showing

A

Dog show

50
Q

Vaulting

A

Gymnastics on horseback
- Quite strenuous, constant, steady pace.

51
Q

Western riding

A

Quarter horses, mostly reigning in the UK

52
Q

Horse management types

A

Stabled (stereotypies, respiratory disease), at grass (injuries, skin disease) or combination

53
Q

Colic

A

Abdominal pain due to sudden change in management or feeding

54
Q

Gastric ulceration

A

Due to periods of feed restriction and commonly found in high-intensity exersized horses

55
Q

Myopathies

A

Overexertion, muscle breakdown after exercise

56
Q

Cow gestation period

A

9 months

57
Q

Calving interval

A

Calf-calf (approx 385 days

58
Q

When does oestrus happen in calves

A

Based on weight

59
Q

1st service timing

A
  • First breeding at 14-15 months, 55-60% of adult body weight
60
Q

How is cow weight measured?

A

Heart girth

61
Q

Challenges of entering the milk herd

A
  • Spending lots of time standing around, poor access to feed, stress
62
Q

How soon is a cow bred again after giving birth?

A

60-85 days

63
Q

Early lactation dates

A

0-100 days, peak at 5-6 wks, up to 50L a day

64
Q

Mid-late lactation (100-305) and how dealing with high and low yielders

A

High yielders given high energy diet and vise versa (prevent obesity and trouble calving in low yielders

65
Q

Dry period and process of drying off

A
  • around 60 days
  • Early dry period (far-off cows) and Late dry period (transition cows)
  • Use internal teat sealant and intra-mammary antibiotics, only when needed.
66
Q

Ewe

A

Female sheep

67
Q

Ram (a.ka. Tup)

A

Male sheep

68
Q

Lamb

A

Young sheep

69
Q

Gimmer/ Hogget/ Shearling/ Two-tooth and their approximate age

A

Young sheep with no more than 2 permanent incisors (usually between 12-19 months)

70
Q

Wether

A

Male castrated sheep

71
Q

Teaser

A
  • Vasectomised sheep that is no longer fertile but maintains desire to mate
  • Used to bring ewes into oestrus
72
Q

Finished lamb

A

Fattened lamb ready for slaughter

73
Q

Draft ewes

A

Older hills used transported to uplands to cross breed

74
Q

Lambing timing (The sheep year)

A
  • Usually in the spring (w/ grass growth and warm weather)
  • Sometimes in December
75
Q

Spring/ Early summer (The sheep year)

A
  • Ewes and lambs grazing (lambs gaining approx 300 grams a day)
  • Ewes may need supplements w/ concentrates and lambs with creep feed
76
Q

Summer (The sheep year)

A
  • Lambs weaned at 8wks
  • Fattened and sold a 5-8 months, approx 40kg
  • Shorn for fly control
77
Q

Autumn (The sheep year)

A
  • Tupping/ mating period 5 months before
  • Rams with ewes for 6-8 weeks (2 oestrus cycles)
  • 1:25 - 1:100
78
Q

How long is the sheep oestrus cycle?

A

5 months

79
Q

Pros and cons of stratified sheep breeding system

A
  • Able to use all types of land
  • Breeds matched to different land
  • May require movement between pastures
80
Q

Hills (combinations, elevation)

A
  • Hill ewes x Hill rams
  • 500m +
81
Q

Upland (combinations, elevation)

A
  • Draft ewes/ Longwool ewes x Longwool rams
  • (Draft ewes x longwool rams = cross-bred ewes)
  • 300-500m
82
Q

Lowland (combinations, elevation)

A
  • Cross-bred ewes/ terminal sire ewes x terminal sire rams
  • Less than 300m
83
Q

Hills sheep characteristics

A
  • Hardy, thick coats
  • Good mothers
  • Able to cope with harsh conditions and walk long distances
84
Q

Hills output

A
  • Sold as stores
  • Draft ewes sold to upland
85
Q

Upland sheep characteristics

A
  • More prolific than hills
  • Good mothering ability
86
Q

Upland output

A
  • Mule lambs (draft ewes x longwool rams)
87
Q

Lowland sheep characteristics

A
  • Fast-growing, heavy frame
  • Prolific
88
Q

Lowland output

A
  • Cross-bred lambs (Mule ewe x terminal sire)
  • Fattened store lambs from uplands and hills
89
Q

Sustainable sheep breeding examples (3)

A
  • Lambs that finish quicker on grass
  • Lighter ewes (less food) with same lambing output
  • Ewes w/ less lambing intervention
90
Q

Sheep sources of income

A
  • Meat (increasing)
  • Wool (decreasing)

Foundation block (10 decks)

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