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Foundation block > Agents of disease > Flashcards

Agents of disease Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Invasion of body by microbes (not always contagious)

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2
Q

Contagious Disease

A

Spread between individuals (always infectious)

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3
Q

Process of how pathogens cause disease

A

Portals of entry -> Evasion of defenses -> Damage to Host cells -> Portals of Exit

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4
Q

Virulence factors

A

Ability to infect and cause disease (enzymes and toxins)

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5
Q

Bacteria external morphology (shapes- 3)

A

Cocci: round, berry-like shape
Bacilli: rod, long, branch
Coccobacillus: oval, very short bacilli

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6
Q

Bacteria external morphology (groups- 4)

A

Pairs, chains, tetrads, clusters

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7
Q

Bacteria cell wall (types- 2)

A

Gram + and Gram -

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8
Q

Gram +

A
  • Allows filtration and protection
  • Thick wall with several layers
  • Techoic acids running parallel to peptidoglycan which anchors plasma membrane
  • Protection from desiccation (drying out)
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9
Q

Gram -

A
  • Thin, single layer w/outer membrane
  • Vulnerable to desiccation
  • Contains LPss, toxic to animals
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10
Q

Steps on how to perform a gram stain

A
  1. Fix bacterial sample to microscope slide using heat or methanol
  2. Crystal violet stain added (everything purple)
  3. Iodine solution added
  4. Decolonization by adding ethanol (extracts purple from thin cell walls of gram -)
  5. Gram - = colourless, Gram += purple
  6. Add fushin, makes gram- = pink
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11
Q

Strict aerobes

A

Needs oxygen, aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Strict anaerobes

A

Oxygen will kill them, fermentation, anaerobic respiration

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13
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Prefer to use oxygen, can use fermentation, facultative respiration

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14
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Needs oxygen but too high will be fatal.

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15
Q

Viruses key properties

A
  • Dependent on host to synthesize new proteins
  • Reproduce easily
  • Contains nucleocapsid and envelope to help with cell entry and antigenic determinants
  • Less control sequences for higher change of mutations
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16
Q

Virus shapes (3)

A
  • Helical
  • Icosahedral
  • Complex
17
Q

7 step virus replication

A
  1. Attachment to plasma membrane
  2. Penetration into cytoplasm/nucleus
  3. Uncoating virus particle and release nucleic acid
  4. Synthesis of viral proteins
  5. Synthesis of viral genome, nucleic acid replication
  6. Virus assembly
  7. Release from cell (budding or cell lysis)
18
Q

Key properties of fungus

A
  • Eukaryotic, chitin cell walls
  • Hard to destroy due to overactive immune response and damage to host
  • Yeasts and moulds
19
Q

Hyphae

A

Basic cell unit of moulds which are pereforated by pores that allow nuclei and organelles to flow between cells

20
Q

Mycelium

A

Many Hyphae

21
Q

Yeasts

A

Psuedo-hyphae and reproduce by budding

22
Q

Key properties of Prions

A
  • Proteins found in nervous system (help w/ homeostasis + generation)
23
Q

Infectious prions cause and result

A

Misfolded proteins (B-pleated sheets) causes brain death

24
Q

Parasite

A

Organism living in another organism and deriving it’s nutrients

25
Q

Ectoparasites definition

A

live on surface of host

26
Q

Ectoparasite examples (5)

A
  • Fleas (itching, blood loss, allergy)
  • Mites (itching, inflammation, rashes, burrows into skin)
  • Lice (itching, tissue damage)
  • Ticks (lyme, burrows into skin, blood loss)
  • Flies (myisasis and tissue damage)
27
Q

Endoparasites

A

Parasites that live inside host

28
Q

Direct life cycle

A

Grow and mature in single host

29
Q

Indirect life cycle

A

Infects 1 or more intermediate hosts before transmitted to final

30
Q

Helminths (class)

A

Large parasitic worm that can be seen with naked eye

31
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Microscopic roundworms/eelworms
  • Direct lifecycle
  • Free-living, feeding on environment or parasitic
  • Live within host migration pathways
    ex. Lungworm, Large roundworm
32
Q

Trematodes

A
  • Flatworms
  • Parasitic + indirect lifecycle (usually start in snail)
  • Ex. Liver fluke
33
Q

Cestodes

A
  • Tapeworms w/ segmented bodies
  • Indirect lifecycle
  • Meat borne disease
  • Ex. Gid Cysts in Sheep
34
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Single-celled eukaryotes
  • Free-living or parasitic and feed on organic matter
  • ex. Coccidiosis and Babesia

Foundation block (10 decks)

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