ANFF topic 3 part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does digestibility of feed determine?
A
- amount that is actually absorbed by an animal
- availability of nutrients for growth & reproduction
2
Q
What is the nutritive value of feeds determined by?
A
- composition
- odour (must be suitable for the animal)
- texture & taste
3
Q
What can digestibility measurement determine?
A
- determine the nutritive value of a feed
- predict animal performance
- proper feeding and management of animals
4
Q
What does the soluble portion of the feed assist in?
A
taken up by blood circulation and assists in
- supplying the animal body with material for building (protein)
- repair of tissue
supply of energy necessary for body functions (carbs)
5
Q
What quantity of nutrients is required for maintenance?
A
- quantity of nutrients to keep the animal alive in a thermo-neutral environment (ideal comfort zone) at ‘steady state’ such that the animal is neither gaining nor losing body weight
6
Q
What is surplus of nutrients for?
A
- productive purposes
7
Q
When is an increased quantity of nutrients needed?
A
- stress
- disease
- hot/cold environments
- increased activity
8
Q
What are the 8 classes of feeds?
A
- dry forages & roughages
- pasture
- silages
- energy feeds
- protein supplements
- mineral supplements
- vitamin supplements
- additives
9
Q
What are dry forages and roughages high in?
A
- high % of fibre
10
Q
What are the types of dry forages and roughages?
A
- grass hays
- prairie hays
- legume hays
11
Q
What are prairie hays lower in?
A
- protein
12
Q
What are legume hays higher in? State some examples of legume hays.
A
- higher in protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus
- alfalfa
- soybean
- lespedeza (fed to lactating dairy cows)
13
Q
What are the benefits of pastures?
A
- can reduce feed cost (it is natural)
- provide plenty of vitamins
- good quality proteins
14
Q
What is a limitation of pastures?
A
- overgrazed pasture of short forage can be a serious source of internal parasite infestation (in the animal)
15
Q
What animals are pastures usually used for?
A
- mares (female horses)
- foals (>1 yr old horse)
16
Q
What are silages?
A
- type of fodder made from green foliage crops
- preserved by acidification through fermentation
17
Q
What animals feed on silages?
A
- sheep
- cattle
- gets nutrients faster because silages have been pre-digested (fermentation)
18
Q
What percentage of protein and crude fibres do energy feeds contain (dry weight)?
A
- <20% protein
- <18% crude fibre
19
Q
What are some examples of energy feeds?
A
- fish (raw), grains, mill by-products
20
Q
What percentage of protein do protein supplements contain (dry weight)?
A
- > 20% protein
21
Q
What are some examples of protein supplements?
A
- animal origin
- oil meals
- gluten
22
Q
What forms can mineral/vitamin supplements come in?
A
- pills
- chewable tables
- powders
- liquids
23
Q
What are some kinds of additives?
A
- antibiotics
- colouring materials
- flavours
- hormones
- mendicants
24
Q
What are some natural foods for aquatic animals?
A
- detritus (dead particulate organic material)
- plankton
- bacteria
- worms
- insects
- snails
- aquatic plants
- fish
25
What are complete feeds for fish?
- made from a mixture of carefully selected ingredients to provide all the nutrients necessary for the fish to grow well
- made in a form which fish find easy to eat and digest (usually pellet form)
26
What are supplementary feeds for fish?
- feeds regularly distributed to the fish in the pond
| - e.g. terrestrial plants and agricultural by-product
27
What are creep feeds for pigs?
- starter rations
| - for weaners aged from 5-15 weeks
28
What are starter rations for pigs?
- utilize various nutrient sources (carbs, lactose) to aid the growth of weaners (crucial point in pig's life)
- feeds are easily digestible
29
What are growing rations for pigs?
- focus on increasing intakes at this stage
| - higher digestible proteins (e.g. soya bean + raw cereals)
30
State the different types of feeds for pigs as they grow.
- creep feeds
- pre-starter rations (optional)
- starter rations
- growing rations
31
What are cows usually fed?
- Grass fed
- Corn fed
- Barley fed
32
What are some examples of corn feed for cows?
- corn-fed
- grain-fed
- maize-fed
- soya-fed
33
What kind of diet do grass-fed cows have?
- primarily forage diet
| - grass-fed or pasture-raised
34
What are fish meals high in?
- high in protein sources
- have essential amino acids that meet the requirements of most animals
- high nutrient bioavailability (fraction of a nutrient in food that is absorbed & utilized)
- good sources of EFA (essential fatty acids), minerals and vitamins
35
What percentage of protein is in fish meals?
- 60-70%
36
What are some examples of fish meals?
- can be ground and mixed in
- sardines
- anchovies
- capelin
- herring
- menhaden
37
What are some protein sources from terrestrial animals?
- meat meal (usually by-products)
- meat and bone meal (usually by-products)
- poultry by-product meal (usually by-products)
- blood meal
- worm meal
38
Why is lysine added to feed?
- allows farmers to use lower-cost feed (e.g. corn) and still maintain desired growth rates
39
What are single-cell proteins?
- applied to a wide range of products of microbial origin
- algal products, or fungal and bacterial products resulting from fermentation processes
- yeast by-products are sold as protein and vitamin supplements for animal feeds
40
What are some drawbacks of single-cell proteins?
- too expensive to form the main protein source in fish feeds
- concerns about the presence of undesirable compounds, such as heavy metals
41
What are some bad effects of antinutritional factors?
- reduced feed intake
- reduced nutrient bioavailability
- depressed growth
42
What does the presence of antinutritional factors (ANF) do?
- many plant ingredients are good protein sources in animal feeds BUT
- their value may be reduced due to the presence of ANFs
43
What are some techniques to remove, reduce or inactivate antinutritional factors?
- selective plant breeding (a lot of time required)
| - various extraction and processing techniques (very expensive)
44
What are some plant protein sources?
```
- oilseed meals
extracted from:
- soybeans
- cottonseed
- canola
- peanuts
- sunflower seeds
```
45
What does soybean meal contain?
- several antinutritional factors (ANF)
46
What are some terrestrial lipids of animal origin?
- pork fat
| - beef tallow
47
What do pork fat and beef tallow contain?
- high levels of saturated fatty acids
| - low levels of EFAs (essential fatty acids)
48
What has high levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs)?
- oil derived from seeds (e.g. soya and sunflower)
49
What is the best source for high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs)?
- marine fish oils
50
What other ingredients can be added to complete feeds?
- vitamin and minerals
- binding agents
- antioxidants and antifungal agents
- carotenoid pigments (enhance colouring for fishes)
- Feeding attractants and flavour enhancers (garlic --> attract fishes; vanilla --> attract pigs)
- drugs or antibiotics (medicated feeds)
