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animal nutrition, feeds and feeding > ANFF topic 3 part 1 > Flashcards

ANFF topic 3 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does digestibility of feed determine?

A
  • amount that is actually absorbed by an animal

- availability of nutrients for growth & reproduction

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2
Q

What is the nutritive value of feeds determined by?

A
  • composition
  • odour (must be suitable for the animal)
  • texture & taste
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3
Q

What can digestibility measurement determine?

A
  • determine the nutritive value of a feed
  • predict animal performance
  • proper feeding and management of animals
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4
Q

What does the soluble portion of the feed assist in?

A

taken up by blood circulation and assists in
- supplying the animal body with material for building (protein)
- repair of tissue
supply of energy necessary for body functions (carbs)

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5
Q

What quantity of nutrients is required for maintenance?

A
  • quantity of nutrients to keep the animal alive in a thermo-neutral environment (ideal comfort zone) at ‘steady state’ such that the animal is neither gaining nor losing body weight
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6
Q

What is surplus of nutrients for?

A
  • productive purposes
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7
Q

When is an increased quantity of nutrients needed?

A
  • stress
  • disease
  • hot/cold environments
  • increased activity
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8
Q

What are the 8 classes of feeds?

A
  • dry forages & roughages
  • pasture
  • silages
  • energy feeds
  • protein supplements
  • mineral supplements
  • vitamin supplements
  • additives
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9
Q

What are dry forages and roughages high in?

A
  • high % of fibre
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10
Q

What are the types of dry forages and roughages?

A
  • grass hays
  • prairie hays
  • legume hays
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11
Q

What are prairie hays lower in?

A
  • protein
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12
Q

What are legume hays higher in? State some examples of legume hays.

A
  • higher in protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus
  • alfalfa
  • soybean
  • lespedeza (fed to lactating dairy cows)
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13
Q

What are the benefits of pastures?

A
  • can reduce feed cost (it is natural)
  • provide plenty of vitamins
  • good quality proteins
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14
Q

What is a limitation of pastures?

A
  • overgrazed pasture of short forage can be a serious source of internal parasite infestation (in the animal)
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15
Q

What animals are pastures usually used for?

A
  • mares (female horses)

- foals (>1 yr old horse)

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16
Q

What are silages?

A
  • type of fodder made from green foliage crops

- preserved by acidification through fermentation

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17
Q

What animals feed on silages?

A
  • sheep
  • cattle
  • gets nutrients faster because silages have been pre-digested (fermentation)
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18
Q

What percentage of protein and crude fibres do energy feeds contain (dry weight)?

A
  • <20% protein

- <18% crude fibre

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19
Q

What are some examples of energy feeds?

A
  • fish (raw), grains, mill by-products
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20
Q

What percentage of protein do protein supplements contain (dry weight)?

A
  • > 20% protein
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21
Q

What are some examples of protein supplements?

A
  • animal origin
  • oil meals
  • gluten
22
Q

What forms can mineral/vitamin supplements come in?

A
  • pills
  • chewable tables
  • powders
  • liquids
23
Q

What are some kinds of additives?

A
  • antibiotics
  • colouring materials
  • flavours
  • hormones
  • mendicants
24
Q

What are some natural foods for aquatic animals?

A
  • detritus (dead particulate organic material)
  • plankton
  • bacteria
  • worms
  • insects
  • snails
  • aquatic plants
  • fish
25
Q

What are complete feeds for fish?

A
  • made from a mixture of carefully selected ingredients to provide all the nutrients necessary for the fish to grow well
  • made in a form which fish find easy to eat and digest (usually pellet form)
26
Q

What are supplementary feeds for fish?

A
  • feeds regularly distributed to the fish in the pond

- e.g. terrestrial plants and agricultural by-product

27
Q

What are creep feeds for pigs?

A
  • starter rations

- for weaners aged from 5-15 weeks

28
Q

What are starter rations for pigs?

A
  • utilize various nutrient sources (carbs, lactose) to aid the growth of weaners (crucial point in pig’s life)
  • feeds are easily digestible
29
Q

What are growing rations for pigs?

A
  • focus on increasing intakes at this stage

- higher digestible proteins (e.g. soya bean + raw cereals)

30
Q

State the different types of feeds for pigs as they grow.

A
  • creep feeds
  • pre-starter rations (optional)
  • starter rations
  • growing rations
31
Q

What are cows usually fed?

A
  • Grass fed
  • Corn fed
  • Barley fed
32
Q

What are some examples of corn feed for cows?

A
  • corn-fed
  • grain-fed
  • maize-fed
  • soya-fed
33
Q

What kind of diet do grass-fed cows have?

A
  • primarily forage diet

- grass-fed or pasture-raised

34
Q

What are fish meals high in?

A
  • high in protein sources
  • have essential amino acids that meet the requirements of most animals
  • high nutrient bioavailability (fraction of a nutrient in food that is absorbed & utilized)
  • good sources of EFA (essential fatty acids), minerals and vitamins
35
Q

What percentage of protein is in fish meals?

A
  • 60-70%
36
Q

What are some examples of fish meals?

A
  • can be ground and mixed in
  • sardines
  • anchovies
  • capelin
  • herring
  • menhaden
37
Q

What are some protein sources from terrestrial animals?

A
  • meat meal (usually by-products)
  • meat and bone meal (usually by-products)
  • poultry by-product meal (usually by-products)
  • blood meal
  • worm meal
38
Q

Why is lysine added to feed?

A
  • allows farmers to use lower-cost feed (e.g. corn) and still maintain desired growth rates
39
Q

What are single-cell proteins?

A
  • applied to a wide range of products of microbial origin
  • algal products, or fungal and bacterial products resulting from fermentation processes
  • yeast by-products are sold as protein and vitamin supplements for animal feeds
40
Q

What are some drawbacks of single-cell proteins?

A
  • too expensive to form the main protein source in fish feeds
  • concerns about the presence of undesirable compounds, such as heavy metals
41
Q

What are some bad effects of antinutritional factors?

A
  • reduced feed intake
  • reduced nutrient bioavailability
  • depressed growth
42
Q

What does the presence of antinutritional factors (ANF) do?

A
  • many plant ingredients are good protein sources in animal feeds BUT
  • their value may be reduced due to the presence of ANFs
43
Q

What are some techniques to remove, reduce or inactivate antinutritional factors?

A
  • selective plant breeding (a lot of time required)

- various extraction and processing techniques (very expensive)

44
Q

What are some plant protein sources?

A 
- oilseed meals
extracted from:
- soybeans
- cottonseed
- canola
- peanuts
- sunflower seeds
45
Q

What does soybean meal contain?

A
  • several antinutritional factors (ANF)
46
Q

What are some terrestrial lipids of animal origin?

A
  • pork fat

- beef tallow

47
Q

What do pork fat and beef tallow contain?

A
  • high levels of saturated fatty acids

- low levels of EFAs (essential fatty acids)

48
Q

What has high levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs)?

A
  • oil derived from seeds (e.g. soya and sunflower)
49
Q

What is the best source for high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs)?

A
  • marine fish oils
50
Q

What other ingredients can be added to complete feeds?

A
  • vitamin and minerals
  • binding agents
  • antioxidants and antifungal agents
  • carotenoid pigments (enhance colouring for fishes)
  • Feeding attractants and flavour enhancers (garlic –> attract fishes; vanilla –> attract pigs)
  • drugs or antibiotics (medicated feeds)

animal nutrition, feeds and feeding (19 decks)

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