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Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding > ANFF topic 2 part 1 > Flashcards

ANFF topic 2 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What must the animal diet be able to provide?

A 
- Source of materials needed for building DNA
Complex molecules required for:
- Growth
- Maintenance
- Reproduction
- ATP production in cells
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2
Q

What are the fundamental requirements of an animal’s diet?

A
  • Well balanced
  • Provide nutrients required for bodily functions
  • Maintain structure and regulation for good health and reproductive capability
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3
Q

What are the different structures of proteins?

A
  • Primary protein structure
  • Secondary protein structure (beta-pleated sheets; alpha-helix)
  • Tertiary protein structure (3-D folding pattern)
  • Quarternary protein structure (> 1 amino acid chain)
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4
Q

What are the substituents of an amino acid?

A
  • Central carbon
  • Amide group (-NH2)
  • Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
  • Hydrogen atom (H)
  • R group
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5
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • Growth –> growth mostly comes fro muscles
  • Tissue repair
  • Tissue synthesis
  • Source of energy (if carbohydrate is inhibited)
  • Formation of hormones, enzymes, antibodies
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6
Q

What is the use of protein catabolism?

A
  • Source of organic nitrogen
  • Amino acids –> cellular function
  • Carbon & nitrogen –> nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells and tissues
  • Excess nitrogen must be excreted as it is toxic
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7
Q

What are some features in a fatty acid structure?

A

Long hydrocarbon chain
- 12-24 carbons is common (chain length)
- typically linear & usually even number of carbons
Carboxylic acid group

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8
Q

How do fatty acids differ from one another?

A
  • depending on chain length & degree of saturation
  • saturated fatty acids –> zero double bonds
  • Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) –> 1 double bond
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) –> 2 or more double bonds
  • Double bond is usually cis (common natural config.)
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9
Q

What is the source of energy of 1g of lipid?

A

1g = 9 calories

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10
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • Source of energy
  • Formation of cellular and sub-cellular membranes (phospholipid membranes)
    - -> omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid
    - -> omega-6 linoleic acid
  • Aid the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  • Production of fat-soluble hormones
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11
Q

What are the substituents of carbohydrates?

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
  • basic formula of (CH2O)n
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12
Q

What are some important carbohydrates?

A
  • simple sugars (glucose, fructose)
  • complex sugars (maltose, sucrose)
  • dextrins
  • starches
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13
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A
  • according to the number of carbon atoms (e.g. trioses –> 3C)
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14
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A
  • made up of 2-10 monomer units (e.g. sucrose)
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15
Q

What are some functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • source of energy
  • regulate blood glucose
  • energy storage
  • assist in lipid metabolism
  • structural components (build & maintain)
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16
Q

What happens when there is excess sugar?

A
  • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles
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17
Q

What are some functions of glycogen stores?

A
  • fuel prolonged exertions

- provide energy during food shortage

18
Q

What happens when there is excess glycogen?

A
  • stored as fats (stored in the lower layer of the skin –> insulation & energy storage)
19
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A
  • important for growth and development –> vision, skin, teeth, bones
  • strengthens immune system
20
Q

What is the role of vitamin B1?

A
  • metabolism of energy

- nerve functioning

21
Q

What is the role of vitamin B2?

A
  • cellular respiration
  • processing of carbohydrates
  • RBC production
22
Q

What is the role of vitamin B9?

A
  • e.g. folic acid
  • treats anaemia
  • used in pregnancy to treat neural tube defects
  • brain function & mental health
  • Aids production of DNA & RNA
23
Q

What is the role of vitamin B12?

A
  • functioning of brain & nervous system

- formation of RBCs

24
Q

What is the role of vitamin C?

A
  • prevents scurvy (more for humans)
  • immune system
  • helps produce collagen
  • helps wound healing
25
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A
  • absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and zinc
26
Q

What is the role of vitamin E?

A
  • maintains cell membranes
  • is an antioxidant
  • helps make RBCs
27
Q

What is the role of Vitamin K?

A
  • supports blood clotting

- plays a key role in bone health

28
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins.

A
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin K
29
Q

List the water-soluble vitamins.

A
  • Vitamin B1
  • Vitamin B2
  • Vitamin B9
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C
30
Q

List the macrominerals.

A
  • Calcium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorous
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
31
Q

List the microminerals.

A
  • Copper
  • Cobalt
  • Chromium
  • Iodine
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium
  • Zinc
  • Iron
32
Q

What is calcium required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • most abundant in the body
  • for strong bones and blood clotting
  • Dairy, leafy greens, seeds, tofu
33
Q

What is magnesium required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function
  • help maintain healthy immune system
  • nuts, spinach, fish, avocado, whole grains
34
Q

What is phosphorus required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • used in all cell functions

- fish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, oats, legumes

35
Q

What is potassium required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • regulates major biological processes
  • muscle contraction
  • regulates heartbeat
  • most fruits and veg, nuts, seeds, fish
36
Q

What is sodium required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • maintains water balance
  • produces digestive juices
  • table salt, fish, nuts, seeds
37
Q

What is chloride required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • acts as an electrolyte
  • aids digestion
  • regulates blood pH
  • table salt, olives, tomato, celery, seaweed
38
Q

What is sulfur required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • helps with digestion
  • waste elimination
  • bile secretion
  • eggs, avocado, garlic, cabbage, poultry, fish, soy
39
Q

What is iron required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • essential for red blood production (haemoglobin)

- legumes, dried fruit, whole grains, spinach, liver, tofu

40
Q

What is copper required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • helps with the absorption and metabolism of iron

- nuts & seeds, shellfish, potatoes, dried fruit

41
Q

What is zinc required for and what are some good sources?

A
  • supports the immune system
  • aids in the healing of wounds
  • shellfish, nuts & seeds, dairy, meat
42
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A
  • components of structural tissues
  • components of hormones, enzymes and vitamins
  • osmoregulation
  • transmission of nerve impulse and muscle contraction
  • production in membrane potentials (e.g. electrical differences)

Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding (19 decks)

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