ANFF topic 2 part 1 Flashcards
What must the animal diet be able to provide?
- Source of materials needed for building DNA Complex molecules required for: - Growth - Maintenance - Reproduction - ATP production in cells
What are the fundamental requirements of an animal’s diet?
- Well balanced
- Provide nutrients required for bodily functions
- Maintain structure and regulation for good health and reproductive capability
What are the different structures of proteins?
- Primary protein structure
- Secondary protein structure (beta-pleated sheets; alpha-helix)
- Tertiary protein structure (3-D folding pattern)
- Quarternary protein structure (> 1 amino acid chain)
What are the substituents of an amino acid?
- Central carbon
- Amide group (-NH2)
- Carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
- Hydrogen atom (H)
- R group
What are the functions of proteins?
- Growth –> growth mostly comes fro muscles
- Tissue repair
- Tissue synthesis
- Source of energy (if carbohydrate is inhibited)
- Formation of hormones, enzymes, antibodies
What is the use of protein catabolism?
- Source of organic nitrogen
- Amino acids –> cellular function
- Carbon & nitrogen –> nucleotides, nucleic acids, proteins, cells and tissues
- Excess nitrogen must be excreted as it is toxic
What are some features in a fatty acid structure?
Long hydrocarbon chain
- 12-24 carbons is common (chain length)
- typically linear & usually even number of carbons
Carboxylic acid group
How do fatty acids differ from one another?
- depending on chain length & degree of saturation
- saturated fatty acids –> zero double bonds
- Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) –> 1 double bond
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) –> 2 or more double bonds
- Double bond is usually cis (common natural config.)
What is the source of energy of 1g of lipid?
1g = 9 calories
What are the functions of lipids?
- Source of energy
- Formation of cellular and sub-cellular membranes (phospholipid membranes)
- -> omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid
- -> omega-6 linoleic acid - Aid the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
- Production of fat-soluble hormones
What are the substituents of carbohydrates?
- carbon
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- basic formula of (CH2O)n
What are some important carbohydrates?
- simple sugars (glucose, fructose)
- complex sugars (maltose, sucrose)
- dextrins
- starches
How are monosaccharides classified?
- according to the number of carbon atoms (e.g. trioses –> 3C)
What are oligosaccharides?
- made up of 2-10 monomer units (e.g. sucrose)
What are some functions of carbohydrates?
- source of energy
- regulate blood glucose
- energy storage
- assist in lipid metabolism
- structural components (build & maintain)
What happens when there is excess sugar?
- Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles
What are some functions of glycogen stores?
- fuel prolonged exertions
- provide energy during food shortage
What happens when there is excess glycogen?
- stored as fats (stored in the lower layer of the skin –> insulation & energy storage)
What is the role of vitamin A?
- important for growth and development –> vision, skin, teeth, bones
- strengthens immune system
What is the role of vitamin B1?
- metabolism of energy
- nerve functioning
What is the role of vitamin B2?
- cellular respiration
- processing of carbohydrates
- RBC production
What is the role of vitamin B9?
- e.g. folic acid
- treats anaemia
- used in pregnancy to treat neural tube defects
- brain function & mental health
- Aids production of DNA & RNA
What is the role of vitamin B12?
- functioning of brain & nervous system
- formation of RBCs
What is the role of vitamin C?
- prevents scurvy (more for humans)
- immune system
- helps produce collagen
- helps wound healing
What is the role of vitamin D?
- absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and zinc
What is the role of vitamin E?
- maintains cell membranes
- is an antioxidant
- helps make RBCs
What is the role of Vitamin K?
- supports blood clotting
- plays a key role in bone health
List the fat-soluble vitamins.
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
List the water-soluble vitamins.
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin B9
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin C
List the macrominerals.
- Calcium
- Chloride
- Magnesium
- Phosphorous
- Potassium
- Sodium
List the microminerals.
- Copper
- Cobalt
- Chromium
- Iodine
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Zinc
- Iron
What is calcium required for and what are some good sources?
- most abundant in the body
- for strong bones and blood clotting
- Dairy, leafy greens, seeds, tofu
What is magnesium required for and what are some good sources?
- helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function
- help maintain healthy immune system
- nuts, spinach, fish, avocado, whole grains
What is phosphorus required for and what are some good sources?
- used in all cell functions
- fish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, oats, legumes
What is potassium required for and what are some good sources?
- regulates major biological processes
- muscle contraction
- regulates heartbeat
- most fruits and veg, nuts, seeds, fish
What is sodium required for and what are some good sources?
- maintains water balance
- produces digestive juices
- table salt, fish, nuts, seeds
What is chloride required for and what are some good sources?
- acts as an electrolyte
- aids digestion
- regulates blood pH
- table salt, olives, tomato, celery, seaweed
What is sulfur required for and what are some good sources?
- helps with digestion
- waste elimination
- bile secretion
- eggs, avocado, garlic, cabbage, poultry, fish, soy
What is iron required for and what are some good sources?
- essential for red blood production (haemoglobin)
- legumes, dried fruit, whole grains, spinach, liver, tofu
What is copper required for and what are some good sources?
- helps with the absorption and metabolism of iron
- nuts & seeds, shellfish, potatoes, dried fruit
What is zinc required for and what are some good sources?
- supports the immune system
- aids in the healing of wounds
- shellfish, nuts & seeds, dairy, meat
What are the functions of minerals?
- components of structural tissues
- components of hormones, enzymes and vitamins
- osmoregulation
- transmission of nerve impulse and muscle contraction
- production in membrane potentials (e.g. electrical differences)
