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Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding > ANFF topic 2 part 2 > Flashcards

ANFF topic 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is development of new species-specific diet formulations important for the aquaculture industry?

A

Satisfy increasing demand for:

  • affordability
  • safe
  • high-quality fish and seafood products
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2
Q

What are the types of prepared or artificial feeds?

A
  • Complete

- Supplemental

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3
Q

What does the nutritional content of the feed depend on in fish?

A
  • Species of fish

- Life stage of fish

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4
Q

Why do aquaculture fish require a complete diet?

A
  • reared in high-density indoor systems/confined in cages

- cannot forage freely on natural food (e.g. algae, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates)

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5
Q

What are supplemental diets for?

A
  • doused to help fortify the naturally available diet with extra protein, carbohydrate and lipids
  • supplemental diets do not contain a full complement of vitamins or minerals
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6
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by fish?

A
  • Methionine
  • Arginine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Lysine
  • Leucine
  • Valine
  • Phenylalanine
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7
Q

What are limiting amino acids?

A
  • essential amino acids in digested protein that are in the shortest supply relative to body requirements for absorbed amino acids
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8
Q

What are the limiting amino acids in fish?

A
  • Methionine

- Lysine

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9
Q

What are fish feeds prepared with plant protein low in?

A
  • Methionine
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10
Q

What are fish feeds manufactured with bacterial or yeast proteins deficient in?

A
  • Methionine

- Lysine

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11
Q

What does providing the dietary protein and specific amino acid requirements for each species do?

A
  • promote optimal growth and health
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12
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be protein for shrimps?

A
  • 30-35%
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13
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be protein for catfish?

A
  • 28-32%
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14
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be protein for tilapia?

A
  • 35-40%
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15
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be protein for hybrid striped bass?

A
  • 38-42%
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16
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be protein for trout/other marine fish?

A
  • 40-45%
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17
Q

What are some factors affecting the needs of protein requirements in fish?

A
  • Rearing environment (concrete cages, indoor systems)
  • Water temperature
  • Water quality
  • Genetic composition of fish
  • Feeding rates of fish
  • Life stage of fish (higher for early life stages)
  • Size of fish (higher for smaller fish)
  • Diet of fish (higher for carnivores, lower for herbivorous and omnivorous fish)
  • Density of environment (higher for fish reared in high-density systems –> e.g. recirculating aquaculture)
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18
Q

How much protein is lost to the environment (fish)?

A
  • 65% can be lost
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19
Q

What is nitrogen excreted as in fish?

A
  • excreted as ammonia (NH3) from the gills of the fish

- 10% is excreted as solid wastes

20
Q

What can happen if the fish excrete high amounts of ammonia?

A

Eutrophication of surface waters

  • excess nitrogen from fish farm effluents (liquid waste)
  • water quality concern for fish farmers
21
Q

What percentage of aquaculture feeds should be lipids for fish?

A
  • 7-15%
22
Q

Why are lipids needed for fish?

A
  • supply essential fatty acids
  • serve as transporters for fat-soluble vitamins
  • partially spare/substitute protein (reduce high cost of feed; protein highest cost)
23
Q

What happens when there is too much lipids in the diet?

A

Excessive fat deposition in the liver

  • decreased fish health
  • decreased quality (humans may not be able to consume)
  • Decreased shelf life of the final product
24
Q

What fatty acids do fish typically require?

A
  • Omega-3

- Omega-6 (n-3 and n-6) families

25
Q

What are some sources of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • marine fish (not sustainable –> fish eat fish)

- algal oils

26
Q

Where are lipids deposited in the fish?

A
  • fish muscle
27
Q

What are some omega-3 foods?

A
  • Salmon fish oil
  • Cauliflower
  • Mackeral
  • Chia seeds
  • Walnuts
28
Q

What are the 3 omega-3 fatty acids?

A
  • ALA: α-Linolenic acid
  • EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid
  • DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid
29
Q

What are the 3 omega-6 acids?

A
  • LA: Linoleic acid
  • AA: Arachidonic acid
  • DPA: Docosapentaenoic acid
30
Q

What omega-3 acid does freshwater fish require?

A
  • APA: α-Linolenic acid

- 0.5-1.5% of dry diet

31
Q

What omega-3 acids do marine fish require?

A
  • EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid
  • DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid
  • 0.5-2% of dry diet
32
Q

Why do marine fish require EPA and DHA while freshwater fish only require APA?

A
  • Freshwater fish can elongate and desaturate linolenic acid using enzyme systems –> results in longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA
  • Marine fish typically do not possess these elongation and desaturation enzyme systems –> require long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in their diets
33
Q

Why are carbohydrates used in fish feed?

A
  • least expensive source of energy for fish diets

- reduce feed costs

34
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Binding activity during feed manufacturing
  • useful in the extrusion manufacture of floating feeds
  • Stored as glycogen –> not used efficiently by fish tho
  • Fish can use up to about 20% of dietary carbs
35
Q

Why are vitamins required in the fish diet?

A
  • support normal fish growth and health

- not synthesized by fish and must be provided in the diet

36
Q

What are some water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid)
  • Inositol
  • Choline
  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) –> powerful antioxidant; enhances immune system of fish & shrimp; inhibit dietary lipid oxidation (impove shelf life)
37
Q

What are some fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Vitamin A (retinol, beta-carotene)
  • Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
  • Vitamin E (tocopherols) –> antioxidant; inhibit dietary lipid oxidation –> improve shelf life
38
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of vitamins?

A
  • reduced growth
39
Q

What happens when there is ascorbic acid and folic acid deficiencies (vitamin C and vitamin B)?

A
  • scoliosis (bent back syndrome)

- dark colouration

40
Q

Why do fish require minerals?

A
  • inorganic elements
  • normal body functions
  • fish can absorb many minerals directly from the water through the gills and skin
41
Q

What are some common dietary macrominerals?

A
  • Calcium
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
42
Q

What are the functions of macrominerals?

A
  • regulate osmotic balance

- bone formation and integrity

43
Q

What are some common dietary microminerals

A
  • iron
  • copper
  • chromium
  • iodine
  • manganese
  • zinc
  • selenium
44
Q

What are the functions of microminerals?

A
  • components in enzyme and hormone systems
45
Q

How should an optimum diet be created?

A
  • ratio of protein to energy must be determined independently for each fish species
  • note that excess energy relative to protein content in the diet can result in high lipid deposition
46
Q

What happens if the diet has excessive energy levels?

A
  • decreased feed intake

- reduced weight gain

47
Q

What happens if the diet has inadequate energy content?

A
  • reduced weight gain

- cannot satisfy energy requirements for growth

Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding (19 decks)

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