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Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding > ANFF topic 2 part 3 > Flashcards

ANFF topic 2 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are essential nutrients required for pigs?

A

meet their needs for

  • maintenance
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • lactation
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2
Q

What are some factors affecting the nutrients required for pigs?

A
  • genetic variation (resistant to diseases?)
  • environment
  • availability of nutrients in feedstuffs
  • disease levels
  • other stresses
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3
Q

What are the 6 general classes of nutrients for pigs?

A
  • water
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • minerals
  • vitamins
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4
Q

What affects the amount of water required in pigs?

A
  • age
  • type of feed
  • environmental temperature
  • status of lactation
  • high urinary output (due to high salt/protein intake)
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5
Q

How much water do growing pigs require?

A
  • about 2-3 kg of water for every kg of dry food
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6
Q

How much water do lactating sows require?

A
  • more water because of the high water content of the milk they produce
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7
Q

What happens if water restriction is placed on the pigs?

A
  • reduces performance and milk production

- result in death

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8
Q

What are the requirements for drinking water quality for pigs?

A
  • free of microbial contamination
  • use of mild chlorination
  • ensure there are no excessive minerals in water –> these may create problems
  • there should be less than 1,000 ppm of total dissolved solids (TDS)
  • Higher levels of TDS (2,000-5,000 ppm can lead to diarrhoea or temporary water refusal
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9
Q

What influences energy requirements of pigs?

A
  • weight (influences the maintenance requirement)
  • genetic capacity for lean tissue growth
  • milk production
  • environmental temperature
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10
Q

What happens when pigs are fed high energy content diet?

A
  • gain faster
  • efficiency of gain will improve (small amt of feed but grows faster)
  • carcass fat may increase
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11
Q

What are amino acids required for in pigs?

A
  • maintenance
  • muscle growth
  • development of fetuses
  • supporting tissues in gestating sows
  • milk production in lactating sows
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12
Q

How many amino acids are synthesized by the pigs?

A
  • 12 out of 22 amino acids
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13
Q

What are the essential dietary amino acids that are not synthesized by the pigs?

A
  • Arginine
  • Histidine
  • Threonine
  • Valine
  • Methionine
  • Lysine
  • Leucine
  • Isoleucine
  • Tryptophan
  • Phenylalanine
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14
Q

What can replace methionine and phenylalanine?

A
  • cystine and tyrosine (respectively)
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15
Q

What are the amino acids of greatest importance in the diet formation for pigs?

A
  • lysine
  • tryptophan
  • threonine
  • methionine
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16
Q

What is corn deficient in (pigs)?

A
  • lysine

- tryptophan

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17
Q

What is sorghum, barley and wheat low in?

A
  • lysine

- threonine

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18
Q

What is low in soybean meal?

A
  • methionine
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19
Q

What are the functions of calcium and phosphorus in pigs?

A
  • skeletal growth

- metabolic roles for all stages of growth, gestation and lactation

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20
Q

Is there a difference in calcium to phosphorus ratio for different weight groups?

A
  • calcium : phosphorus ratio same for all weight groups
21
Q

Cereal grains and oilseed meals Vs. meat, bone and fish meal

Which provides required phosphorus for the pigs?

A
  • cereal grains and oilseed meals contain phytic acid which is organically bound phosphorus (not free) so phosphorus is poorly available to pigs
  • meat, bone and fish meal contain phosphorus in the inorganic form (free phosphorus) so phosphorus is highly available to pigs
22
Q

What are some phosphorus + calcium supplements for pigs?

A
  • monocalcium/dicalcium phosphate
  • defluorinated phosphate
  • ground limestone
  • steamed bones
23
Q

What are some sources of sodium & chloride (pigs)?

A
  • animal
  • fish
  • milk by-products
24
Q

What ratio should sodium and chloride be in (pigs)?

A
  • 40% sodium

- 60% chloride

25
Q

What is iron and copper required for (pigs)?

A
  • required for the formation of haemoglobin

- prevention of nutritional anaemia

26
Q

How to supplement iron and copper for pigs?

A
  • mixing ferric ammonium citrate with water in a piglet waterer
  • placing a mixture of iron sulfate and a carrier (e.g. ground corn) on the floor of the farrowing stall
27
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A (pigs)?

A
  • vision
  • reproduction
  • growth
  • maintenance of epithelial tissue and mucous secretions
28
Q

What are some sources of vitamin A (pigs)?

A
  • found as carotenoid precursors in green plant material and yellow corn
  • yellow corn grains contains 1/4 form of β-carotene
  • β-carotene is the most active form of vitamin A
29
Q

How to supplement vitamin A to pigs?

A
  • use stabilized vitamin A as vitamin supplements or pre-mixes
  • concentrates containing natural vitamin A (most often fish oils) can be used to fortify diets
30
Q

What are some sources of β-carotene (vitamin A)(pigs)?

A
  • green forage
  • dehydrated alfalfa meal
  • high-quality legume hays
31
Q

What are some limitations of vitamin A (pure powder)(pigs)?

A

Easily destroyed by:

  • air
  • light
  • high temperatures
  • rancid fats
  • organic acids
32
Q

What are the water requirements for cows?

A
  • 60-70 L each day for maintenance

- extra 4-5L for each litre of milk produced

33
Q

What are some factors influencing the water requirements for cows?

A
  • water intakes include dry matter intake
  • diet composition
  • humidity
  • water quality (sodium and sulphate levels)
  • temperature and pH of the drinking water
34
Q

What is energy (carbs) used for?

A

Maintaining the cow’s normal metabolism

  • breathing
  • maintaining body temperature
  • walking and eating
  • environmental temperature
  • physiological state (e.g. pregnancy, lactation)
35
Q

What kind of energy requirements do lactating cows have?

A
  • high energy requirement
  • requires nutrient to produce milk
  • depends on the composition of the milk (e.g. fat & protein content)
36
Q

What factors affect the amount of protein a cow needs?

A
  • size
  • growth
  • milk production
  • stage of pregnancy
37
Q

What are the crude protein requirements for cows in the early lactation stage?

A
  • 16-18%
38
Q

What are the crude protein requirements for cows in the mid-lactation stage?

A
  • 14-16%
39
Q

What are the crude protein requirements for cows in the late lactation stage?

A
  • 12-14%
40
Q

What are the crude protein requirements for cows in the dry stage?

A
  • 10-12%
41
Q

Why is fibre important in a cow’s diet?

A
  • ensure that the rumen functions properly

- maintain fat test (often used as a barometer of the nutritional status of a herd)

42
Q

What happens when cows are fed low-fibre, high-starch diets?

A
  • rumen becomes acidic

- grain poisoning (acidosis) may occur

43
Q

How to overcome the issues associated with low-fibre, high starch diets in cows?

A
  • adding buffers such as sodium bicarbonate to the diet –> reduces acidity
44
Q

What is vitamin A required for in cows?

A
  • retina for good eyesight
  • tissue & bone formation
  • growth
  • milk production
  • reproduction
  • maintains healthy epithelium
45
Q

How is vitamin D produced and why is it required for cows?

A
  • formed in the skin when stimulated by sunlight
  • required for calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body
  • stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine
  • mobilises calcium stores from the bones
46
Q

What are the essential macrominerals for cows?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • magnesium
  • potassium
  • sodium
47
Q

What are the essential microminerals for cows?

A
  • cobalt
  • copper
  • iron
  • iodine
  • manganese
48
Q

How to reduce mineral deficiencies in cows?

A
  • mineral deficiencies are less likely to occur if green forages are the major part of their diet

Animal Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding (19 decks)

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