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IHO Week 1 > Anemia - Krafts > Flashcards

Anemia - Krafts Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anemia

A

A reduction in hemoglobin or RBCs

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2
Q

Symptoms of Anemia

A 
Pale Skin
Jaundice (with hemolytic anemia)
Tachycardia
SOB
Dizziness
Fatigue
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3
Q

Atrophic Glossitis

A

Papillae of the tongue become atrophied

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4
Q

Angular Cheilitis

A

Cracks at the corners of the mouth

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5
Q

Koilonychia

A

Spoon-shaped nails in IDA

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6
Q

What are the three ways to get anemia?

A
  1. Blood loss
  2. Destroy too much blood
  3. Make too little blood
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7
Q

2 ways to destroy too much blood

A

Intracorpuscular reasons and extracorpuscular reasons

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8
Q

3 ways to make too little blood

A

Too few building blocks
Too few erythroblasts
Not enough room

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9
Q

What are the 3 morphologic groups of anemia?

A
  1. Weird Size
  2. Weird Shape
  3. Normal size and shape
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10
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

n

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11
Q

Classify Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Microcytic, hypochromic with increased anisocytosis and poikilocytosis

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12
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Varying sized red blood cells

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13
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Funny shaped red blood cells

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14
Q

Primary cause of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

GI bleeding

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15
Q

Key indicator of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Abnormal Iron Studies

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16
Q

How is iron absorbed?

A

In duodenum it binds to transferrin

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17
Q

How is iron circulated?

A

Transferrin carries iron to the red cell precursors and organs

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18
Q

Iron only binds oxygen in what state?

A

Ferrous (Fe2+) State

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19
Q

What makes up Hemoglobin?

A

4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)

4 heme molecules (carry Fe2+ and O2)

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20
Q

How is iron metabolized?

A

Most in RBCs, rest in Macrophages

21
Q

How is iron stored?

A 
Ferritin = easily accessible iron storage
Hemosiderin = more stable storage
22
Q

Symptoms of Anemia

A 
Pale Skin
Jaundice (with hemolytic anemia)
Tachycardia
SOB
Dizziness
Fatigue
PICA
23
Q

Atrophic Glossitis

A

Papillae of the tongue become atrophied (smooth tongue)

24
Q

Classify Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Microcytic, hypochromic with increased anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, platelets and decreased reticulocytes

25
Q

Cause of Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Premenopausal women?

A

Menorrhagia

26
Q

Morphology of Bone Marrow in Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Erythroid Hypoplasia (not enough RBCs)
Dyserythropoiesis
Decreased Iron Stores

27
Q

Labs in Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Low Serum Iron
Low Ferritin (Definitive Diagnosis)
High TIBC

28
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia Facts:

A

Defective DNA Synthesis
Macrocytic Anemia with oval macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils
Nuclear/Cytoplasm Asynchrony
Decreased B12 and Folic Acid

29
Q

B12 Absorption and Transport

A

Intrinsic Factor from the parietal cells facilitates absorption through the distal ileum and is then B12 is transported in the blood by transcobalamin II

30
Q

Causes of B12 Deficiency

A 
Diet (rare)
Lack of Intrinsic Factor
Pancreatic Damage
Ileal Damage
Tapeworm
31
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia Symptoms

A

Atrophic Glossitis

32
Q

Folate Absorption and Transport

A

Absorbed in jejunum, converted to methyl-FH4, transported to liver and red cells

33
Q

Causes of Folate Deficiency

A

Diet
Alcohol
Jejunal Damage
Drugs

34
Q

2 Type of Hemolytic Anemia

A

Chronic = usually congenital and Acute = usually acquired

35
Q

Define Hemolytic Anemia

A

Increased red blood cell destruction leads to increased red blood cedd production

36
Q

Labs for Hemolytic Anemia

A 
Destruction:
Increased Serum Bilirubin
Increase Lactate Dehydrogenase
Decreased Free Haptoglobin
Hemoglobinemia/-uria
Production:
Reticulocytes
Nucleated RBCs
37
Q

Direct Antiglobulin Test

A

Detects antibody on RBC surface, indicates immune process

38
Q

Osmotic Fragility Test

A

Measures RBC fragility, indicates spherocytes present

39
Q

Classify Hemolytic Anemia

A

Normochromic, normocytic, Spherocytes + other poikilocytes (fragments, targets, sickles

40
Q

What my “cure” hemolytic anemia?

A

Splenectomy

41
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis Facts:

A

Lots of Spherocytes
RBC Cytoskeleton Defect (Spectrin)
Cure: Splenectomy

42
Q

Triad of Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Anemia, Jaundice, Splenomegaly with variable age of onset and severity; often caused by a crisis (parvovirus)

43
Q

Pathogenesis of Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Abnormal RBC Cytoskeleton with loss of surface area = spleen removes spheres

44
Q

Characteristics of Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (WAHA)

A

IgG coat on RBC
Splenic Macrophages (causes Splenomegaly)
eat entire RBC
nibble RBCs into Spherocytes

45
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment for WAHA

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test

Treat with Steroids and Splenectomy

46
Q

Characteristics of Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (CAHA)

A

IgM and Complement
Some Intravascular Hemolysis
Mostly in Spleen
RBC Agglutination

47
Q

Pathogenesis of CAHA

A

IgM and Complement coat RBCs
IgM falls off in warm body parts
IgM bridges RBCs (agglutination)
Complement can lyse RBCs Intravascularly or opsonize RBCs for Splenic Macrophages

48
Q

Signs of CAHA

A

Chronic hemolysis aggravated by cold with pallor and cyanosis in cold body parts

49
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment for CAHA

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test for complement

Keep patient warm and treat underlying cause

IHO Week 1 (10 decks)

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