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Brendan 1 > Ancient Greece > Flashcards

Ancient Greece Flashcards

1
Q

Pericles

A

Leader of Athens

Roughly from 461 to 429 BC

Turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War.

Started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis, including the Parthenon

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2
Q

Aristophanes

A

Comic playwright

Anti-war, Plato blamed “The Clouds” (a satire on intellectuals) for prosecution of Socrates

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3
Q

Brasidas

A

Spartan warrior.

Kassandra fights alongside him in warehouse in Korinthia

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4
Q

Cleon

A

Demagogue who opposed Pericles,especially when Athens was hit by plague.

Rough and unpolished

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5
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

431 - 404 BC. Won by Sparta.

The Peloponnesus is the southern semi-island of Greece where Sparta was.

Delos was island where Greeks kept treasury.

The Battle of Aegospotami was a naval confrontation that took place in 405 BC and was the last major battle of the Peloponnesian War. In the battle, a Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian navy

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6
Q

Aspasia

A

Female partner of Perikles

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7
Q

Euripedes

A

Playwright.

Ended life in exile, persecuted for being a decadent intellectual.

Euripedes, Aeschylus, & Sophocles are 3 ancient Greek tragadians who whom any plays have survived in full.

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8
Q

Aeschylus

A

Father of Tragedy.

First to have a trilogy of plays.

ORESTRIA

Clytemnestra kills Agamenon. She waited until he was in the bath, and then entangled him in a cloth net and stabbed him.

In the 2nd play, Agemnon’s son Orestes gets revenge.

In the 3rd play, the dilemma is should Orestes be punished? Furies (born from blood of castration of Uranus) say yes. He broke rule against killing own blood, his mother. Apollo says no, because mother killed husband. Furies say marriage is just a custom, blood is stronger bond. A jury (Athenian innovation) is used to resolve dilemma and he is vindicated.

Wrote Prometheus Bound.

Euripedes, Aeschylus, & Sophocles are 3 ancient Greek tragadians who whom any plays have survived in full.

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9
Q

Paros

A

Mini rival of Naxos

Famous for its white marble

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10
Q

Naxos

A

Largest of the Cyclades.

Famous for being a source of emery, only abrasive they had in Ancient Greece.

The island was where Ariadne was left by Theseus.

Birthplace of Dionysus

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11
Q

Pnyx

A

Hill in Athens

(not the Acropolis/ the hill with Parthenon on it)

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12
Q

Corinth

A

Ally of Sparta

On the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnese to the mainland of Greece

Strong sea power, lots of sex workers

The Romans demolished Corinth in 146 BC, built a new city in its place in 44 BC, and later made it the provincial capital of Greece.

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13
Q

Ithaca

A

Home of Odysseus which he’s trying to return to

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14
Q

Democritus

A

Atomic theory of universe. Known as the “laughing philosopher”

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15
Q

3 states in r -shaped armpit of Aegean

A

Thessaly, then Macedonia, and Thrace at the top

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16
Q

Demosthenes

A

Demosthenes was considered one of the greatest Athenian orators and chroniclers of his time, and he played a leading part in Athens’ uprising against Alexander the Great. His guardians stole his inheritance but he learnt law until he was able to win what remained of it back.

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17
Q

Marathon

A

490 BCE

Battle on the beach that defeated Persians

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18
Q

Plataea

A

City in Boeotia Greece.

The Battle of Plataea in 479 BC was the final land battle in fight with Persians.

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19
Q

Isthumus of Corinth

A

Neck of land in Ancient Greece

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20
Q

Agora

A

Market place in Ancient Greece

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21
Q

King Leonidas

A

Loses to Persians in Battle of Themopylae in 480 BC. Leads to torching of evacuated Athens. But then Greeks won battle of Salamis

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22
Q

Achaemenid Empire founded by

A

Also known as First Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great . Conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BC

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23
Q

Lydia

A

Ancient kingdom in modern day Turkey. Invented coins. Most powerful in 600s BC

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24
Q

Thespis

A

First person to ever appear on stage as an actor, thus “Thespian”

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25
Q

Pythia

A

“Priestess”

Oracle of Delphi

Often went into an ecstatic state during which she uttered sounds revealed to her by the python (the snake, the symbol of resurrection), after drinking water from a certain spring.

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26
Q

Two Persian kings picking fights with Greeks

A

Darius the Great, then Xerxes

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27
Q

Phidias

A

Sculptor.

His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the seven wonders of the world.

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28
Q

Archidamus II

A

Traditional king of Sparta. Archidamus II was a king of Sparta who negotiated the Thirty Years’ Peace between Athens and Sparta, bringing an end to the First Peloponnesian War. In Assassin’s Creed Odyssey, Archidamus’s traditionalist views are partially responsible for Deimos being thrown from Mount Taygetos at the beginning of the game. Later on, his co-ruler tries to frame him as a member of the Cult of Kosmos, but the misthios helps prove Archidamus’s innocence.

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29
Q

Pausanias

A

Poor king of Sparta

He was deposed and condemned to death, though he escaped and lived in exile in for the rest of his life.

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30
Q

Polykleitos

A

Ancient Greek sculptor

History mostly knows Polykleitos as the sculptor who authored the Canon of Polykleitos, a lost treatise setting out his mathematical basis for the idealized male body shape, but none of his original work survives.

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31
Q

Praxilla

A

Ancient Greek lyric poet

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32
Q

Sophocles

A

Playwright, called “the bee” with his honeyed words

The most famous tragedies of Sophocles feature Oedipus and Antigone.

First to add a third actor says Aristotle, reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot.

Won more competitions than Euripides or Aeschylus.

ANTIGONE

Antigone’s uncle declares that her traitorous dead brother may not be buried with the proper rites. Antigone is torn between her duty to obey her uncle, and her desire to honour her dead brother. (Utilitarianism is…not really designed for this sort of moral dilemma.)

Seven plays have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus.

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33
Q

Xanthippe

A

Wife of Socrates

Plato and Xenophon portray Xanthippe as a devoted wife and mother who nonetheless has an argumentative spirit

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34
Q

Samos

A

Island with big sanctuaries devoted to Hera

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35
Q

Lesbos

A

Has tomb of Orpheus

Birthplace of Sappho

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36
Q

Orpheus’ love was ___

A

Eurydice

She died when she was bitten by a snake. He descends to Hades to rescue her. He’s told he can take her from Hades as long as he doesn’t look back but he does.

Had a lyre which charmed everyone.

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37
Q

Chios - primary source of…

A

Island with the richest Greeks. Chios was the primary source of mastic, a fragrant resin extracted from the mastic tree and used as a varnish and a flavoring.

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38
Q

Kos

A

Famous for being home of Hippocrates

39
Q

Asclepius

A

God of medicine. Daughters included hygiene and panacea. The rod of Asclepius, a snake-entwined staff, remains a symbol of medicine today.

40
Q

Daidolus

A

Father of Icarus, imprisoned by King of Crete. Created the labyrinthe

41
Q

Gortyn - on which island?

A

Krete

Gortyn was one of Krete’s most affluent cities.

Gortyn’s law code was the oldest of the Occidental world.

42
Q

Artemis

A

Twin sister of Apollo

43
Q

Mykonos - created from

A

The petrified bodies of giants killed by Heracles.

The city was famous for its blue granite and abundant wells.

44
Q

Delos

A

Home of Athenian treasury. Thus Delian league. Birthplace of Apollo & Artemis. Their mother was Leta. Delos was only place to accept her after jealous Hera forbade anyone else from receiving her.

45
Q

Skyros

A

Island where Achilles was disguised as a girl by his mother so he wouldn’t go off to the Trojan war.

Also where Theseus died. When Theseus returned to Athens, other factions had seized power. He decided to leave the city and return to Skyros, but he was betrayed by King Lykomedes, who tossed him off a cliff.

46
Q

Lemnos

A

Island the soil of which was meant to cure snakebites

47
Q

Euboea

A

Big island near Athens. Reminds me of Long Island vs New York.

Famous for its copper mines.

48
Q

murex

A

purple dye

49
Q

kythera - known for…

A

island known for murex. When Aphrodite emerged from the sea, Kythera was the first city to welcome her. Fleeing Troy, her son Aineias dedicated a shrine to her there. It is deemed the oldest in the Greek world.

50
Q

Themis

A

Goddess of justice, law, and fairness

On the slopes of the Akropolis was the temple of Themis, goddess of justice, law, and fairness. She succeeded her mother, Gaia, as the possessor of the Oracle of Delphi, later giving it to Apollo.

51
Q

Erechtheion

A

Most significant site of worship at the Akropolis.

Known for its caryatids, this asymmetrical temple was dedicated to Poseidon, Athena, and two legendary kings, Erechtheus and Kekrops.

52
Q

Piraeus = ?

A

port of athens

53
Q

Lakonia

A

Home of Sparta

54
Q

Helots

A

Spartan slaves

55
Q

Agoge

A

Sparta’s male education system, the agoge, had a mainly military aim. It was the longest educational system in the Greek world, with males age 7-29. Only heirs of royal families didn’t participate.

56
Q

Nemean Lion

A

The hide of this invincible creature could not be burned or pierced by any weapon

57
Q

Argos

A

Famous for its sculptors

58
Q

Agamemnon

A

King of Mycenae

Commander of United Greek armies in the Trojan War

He brought home the prophetess Cassandra from the Trojan war. (He’d also killed Clytemnestra’s first husband and their daughter)

According to Aescychlus in his Oresteia (a trilogy, dated 458 BC) Clytemnestra waited until he was in the bath, and then entangled him in a cloth net and stabbed him.

In the 2nd play, Agemnon’s son Orestes gets revenge.

In the 3rd play, the dilemma is should Orestes be punished? Furies (born from blood of castration of Uranus) say yes. He broke rule against killing own blood, his mother. Apollo says no, because mother killed husband. Furies say marriage is just a custom, blood is stronger bond. A jury (Athenian innovation) is used to resolve dilemma and he is vindicated.

Agemenon’s brother was Menelaus, the husband of Helen of Troy (sister to Clytemnestra)

59
Q

Anaximander thought…

A

Anaximander thought the earth was a cylinder

60
Q

Empedocles believed:

A

Empedocles (everything is wind, fire, water and earth) thought he was immortal and threw himself into Mt Etna

61
Q

Diogenes

A

One of the founders of Cynic philosophy.

Slept in a barrel.

62
Q

Person who experienced being man and woman

A

Tiresias

He was turned into a woman for 7 years because he hit some fornicating snakes with a stick which pissed Hera off.

Hera and Zeus were having an argument about whether men or women enjoy sex more and asked him. Tiresias said women, and Hera struck him blind in anger. Zeus gave him the power of prophecy in compensation.

63
Q

Snake staff used by WHO

A

Staff of Asclepius

64
Q

Americans often mistakenly use ___ as a symbol of medicine.

Whose symbol is it?

A

The Caduceus.

They should use Rod of Asclepius

The Caduceus is the symbol of Hermes

65
Q

Laid the foundations for Greek democracy

A

Solon

66
Q

Highest mountain in Peloponnese.

Where Kassandra is flung from in Assassin’s Creed.

A

Mount Taygetus

67
Q

Famously horrific silver mines

A

Laurion silver mines

68
Q

Perseus

A

Beheaded the Gorgon Medusa

(For Polydectes)

He also saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. She was the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of ancient Ethiopia

69
Q

Melos

A

Island famous for Thucydides Melian dialogue

70
Q

Boetia

A

Another place in ancient Greece where inhabitants were known for their stupidity

71
Q

Achilles’ famous friendship with ___

A

Famous friendship with Patroclus. Patroclus borrowed his armour and was killed by Trojan hero Hector.

72
Q

Acheron

A

“The river of woe”

Similar to the river Styx - hard to get to bottom of how they’re different.

One of the five rivers of the Greek underworld. Acheron, Cocytus, Lethe, Phlegethon, and Styx all converge at the centre of the underworld on a great marsh, which sometimes is also called the Styx

The Roman poet Virgil called it the principal river of Tartarus, from which the Styx and Cocytus both sprang.

The newly dead would be ferried across the Acheron by Charon in order to enter the Underworld.

73
Q

Lycurgus

A

the quasi-legendary lawgiver of Sparta who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. All his reforms promoted the three Spartan virtues: equality, military fitness, and austerity

74
Q

Solon

A

Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term, yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy

75
Q

A group of 500 men, 50 from each of ten Athenian tribes, who served on the Council for one year.

A

boule

76
Q

the assembly of the citizens in the democratic city-states of ancient Greece

A

ekklesia

77
Q

Who was Hyperion?

A

He was the father of Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon) and Eos (Dawn). He was said to be breathtakingly beautiful. Hyperion’s name comes from the Greek for “the one who watches from above.” He is said to be the first to understand the cycles of the sun, the stars, the moon and the dawn or to even have ordered them in the first place.

78
Q

harmatia =

A

Missing the mark, tragic flaw, frailty

79
Q

Europa

A

Mother of King Minos

Seduced by Zeus when he was in form of a bull

80
Q

Who was originally called Aristocles?

A

Plato

His name means ‘broad’ (because he was muscly)

81
Q

Antenor from the Iliad - famous as a __

A

Traitor

unsealed the city gates of Troy to the Greeks. As payment, his house—marked by a panther skin over the door—was spared during the sack of the city.

In Dante’s inferno;

82
Q

peltast

A

a type of light infantryman

originating in Thrace and Paeonia, and named after the kind of shield he carried.

83
Q

Salamis naval leader

A

Thermistocles

84
Q

King Darius wanted revenge for burning ___

A

Sardis

Part of Ionian Revolt

He had a slave remind him every day. Was defeated at Battle of Marathon. His son tried again but was defeated at Salamis.

85
Q

Achille’s mum

A

Thetis

sea-nympth who was mother of Achilles. She dipped him in the river Styx

The Fates offered Achilles a choice between a long life of ease and obscurity or a young death and fame and glory. He chose the latter.

Achilles was angry with Agamemnon as he took his war-prize the concubine Briseis. Achilles retired to his tent sulking. Agamemnon wanted Briseis because he’d had to give up his captive Trojan girl to appease the God Apollo.

Both Ajax and Odysseus vied for the armour of the dead Achilles. When Agamemnon awarded the armour to Osysseus, Ajax went mad with rage, slaughtered a flock of sheep, and then committed suicide in shame.

86
Q

Wise centaur who educated Achilles

A

Chiron

87
Q

Ajax

A

Warrior who wanted Achilles’ armour

Ajax feels he should be given Achilles’ armor, but the two kings, Agamemnon and Menelaus, award it instead to Odysseus. Ajax becomes furious about this and decides to kill himself.

In one version of the story Athena (helping Odysseus) fools him into killing the Greek’s cattle and this for some reason shames him into committing suicide

Strongest of all the Achaeans

The historian Thucydides traced his descent from Ajax

88
Q

Hector

A

Greatest Trojan warrior

89
Q

Medea

A

An enchantress who helped Jason, leader of the Argonauts, to obtain the Golden Fleece from her father

The father was King Aeëtes of Colchis

Euripides’ 5th century BC tragedy Medea, arguably the best known adaptation of the Medea myth, depicts the ending of said union with Jason, when after ten years of marriage, Jason abandons her to wed king Creon’s daughter Creusa while Medea and her sons by Jason are to be banished from Corinth. In revenge, she murders Creusa and the king with poisoned gifts, and later murders her own sons by Jason before fleeing for Athens,[2] where she eventually marries king Aegeus.

90
Q

Famous mathematician born in Samos

A

Pythagoras

“Shouldn’t Pythagoras have published his theorem in a peer-reviewed journal, instead of moving to Italy, starting a cult, and exposing his thigh at the Olympic Games as part of a scheme to convince people he was the god Apollo”

91
Q

River of forgetfulness

A

Lethe

Upon entering the Underworld, the dead would have to drink the waters of Lethe to forget their earthly existence

Also the goddess of olivion

92
Q

where the dead are judged

A

Tartarus

Originally used for the deepest region of the world, the lower of the two parts of the underworld, where the gods locked up the Titans

Gradually came to mean the entire underworld.

The Greek poet Hesiod would even state that it would take a bronze anvil nine days to fall from the earth until it reached Tartarus.

also the name of a primordial god - emerged from Chaos, along with Gaia (Earth), Erebus (Darkness) and Eros (Procreation) came into existence

93
Q

What is this?

A

kylix - wine-drinking cup

94
Q

Who did King Minos piss off?

A

Poseidon

Minos was king in Crete. In order to confirm his right to rule, rather than any of his brothers, he prayed Poseidon send him a snow-white bull as a sign. Poseidon sent Minos the bull, with the understanding that bull would be sacrificed to the god. Deciding that Poseidon’s bull was too fine of a specimen to kill, Minos sent the bull to his herds and substituted another, inferior bull for sacrifice. Enraged, Poseidon had Aphrodite cause Pasiphaë, wife of Minos, to fall in love with the bull. She subsequently gave birth to the half-man, half-bull, Minotaur. Poseidon passed on his rage to the bull, causing him lay waste to the land.

After consulting the oracle at Delphi, Minos had Daedalus construct the Labyrinth to hold the Minotaur.

Brendan 1 (14 decks)

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