ANATOMY_part2_2 Flashcards
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
*Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during
cell division
Centrioles
Not found in all cells
Cellular Projections
are tiny, fingerlike extensions of
the plasma membrane
*Increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
Cells that connect body parts
Fibroblasts
Cells that cover and line body organs
Epithelial
cells
Cells that move organs and body parts
skeletal
muscle cell
Cell that stores
nutrients
Fat cell
Cell that gathers information and controls body
functions
Nerve cell
Cell that fights
disease
white blood cells
Cell of reproduction
Sperm cell
homogeneous mixture of two or
more components
Solution
dissolving medium; typically water
in the body
Solvent
components in smaller quantities
within a solution
Solutes
nucleoplasm and cytosol
*Intracellular fluid
fluid on the exterior of the cell
*Interstitial fluid
The plasma membrane allows some materials
to pass while excluding others.
*This permeability influences movement both
into and out of the cell.
Selective Permeability
allows some materials
to pass while excluding others.
plasma membrane
movement of substances
into and out of the cell
Membrane transport
are selectively permeable (some
substances can pass through but others cannot)
Cell membranes
Two basic methods of transport
Passive processes
Active processes
passive processes
*No energy is required
Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)
Active processes
Particles tend to distribute themselves
evenly within a solution
*Movement is from high concentration to low
concentration, or down a concentration
gradient
Diffusion
An unassisted process
*Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small
enough to pass through membrane pores
EX: fat-soluble
molecules
directly through
the phospholipid
bilayer
Simple diffusion
simple diffusion of water
*Highly polar water molecules easily cross
the plasma membrane through aquaporins
EX: diffusion
of water through a
specific channel
protein (aquaporin)
or through the lipid
bilayer
Osmosis
Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
*Transports lipid-insoluble and large
substances
Facilitated diffusion
Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
Substances are transported that are unable to
pass by diffusion
*Substances may be too large
*Substances may not be able to dissolve in
the fat core of the membrane
*Substances may have to move against a
concentration gradient
*ATP is used for transport
Active Processes
*Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are
transported by protein carriers called solute
pumps
*ATP energizes protein carriers
*In most cases, substances are moved
against concentration gradients
Active transport (solute pumping)
*Moves materials out of the cell
*Material is carried in a membranous
vesicle
*Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
*Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
*Material is emptied to the outside
Exocytosis (Vesicular transport)
*Extracellular substances are engulfed by
being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
Endocytosis (Vesicular transport)
cell eating
Phagocytosis
cell drinking
Pinocytosis
move materials across the cell surface
*Located in the respiratory system to move
mucus
Cilia
propel the cell
*The only flagellated cell in the human
body is sperm
*Flagella
