ANATOMY_part2_1 Flashcards
is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
cell
According to the _________________the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures.
principle of complementarity
Continuity of life has a __________basis.
cellular
what are the four elements that cells composed are?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells and Tissues
are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Tissues
What are the three main regions of cell?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Nucleus
what are the Three regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a double membrane
Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome assembly
Nucleus
what macromolecular machines migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores?
Ribosomes
Composed of DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
Chromatin
Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
Plasma Membrane
Hydrophilic
head and wants water
Hydrophobic
tail and opposite to philic
Impermeable junctions
Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
Desmosomes
Allow communication between cells
Gap junctions
allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
nuclear pores
The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
what are the three major elements of cytoplasm?
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
Fluid that suspends other elements
Cytosol
Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products
Inclusions
Metabolic machinery of the cell
“Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
Organelles
Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
“Powerhouses” of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy
Mitochondria
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Golgi apparatus
what are the different types of packages that Golgi apparatus produces?
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes
Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
Digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
Peroxisomes
form the blue
network surrounding the pink
nucleus.
that called “Actin subunit”
Microfilaments (largest)
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework
Cytoskeleton
what are the Three different types of elements
of cytoskeleton? in order from largest to smallest.
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
form
the purple batlike network.
that called “Intermediate filaments”
Intermediate filaments
appear as gold
networks surrounding the
cells’ pink nuclei.
that called “Tubulin subunits”
Microtubules (smallest)
the size of Actin subunit?
7 nm
the size of Fibrous subunits?
10 nm
the size of Tubulin subunits?
25 nm
