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PN 1078 T > anatomy Unit1n2 exam > Flashcards

anatomy Unit1n2 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Superior

A

toward the head, upper or above

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2
Q

interior

A

toward the feet, lower or below

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3
Q

anterior

A

front of

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4
Q

posterior

A

back or behind

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5
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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6
Q

lateral

A

toward the side of the body or away from the midline

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7
Q

proximal

A

toward or nearest to the trunk or point of origin

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8
Q

distal

A

away from or farthest from the trunk

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9
Q

superficial

A

nearer to the body surface

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10
Q

deep

A

further away from the body surface

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11
Q

planes of the body

A

sagittal plane; lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left sections
midsagittal; divides the body into two equal
frontal(coronal); lengthwise plane that divides a structure into two anterior and posterior portions
tranverse plane; horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower parts

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12
Q

Body Cavities

A

dorsal and ventral cavity

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13
Q

Dorsal
cranial cavity

A

space inside the skull that contains the brain

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14
Q

dorsal
spinal cavity

A

the space inside the spinal column

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15
Q

Ventral
thoracic and abdominopelvic

A

upper thoracic cavity, includes mediastinum and pleural cavities
>lower thoracic cavity, includes the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity’ both from abdominopelvic cavity

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16
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Right upper quadrants
Right lower quadrants
Left lower quadrants
Left upper quadrants

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17
Q

Upper: Right and left hypochondriac regions and the epigastric region

A
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18
Q

Middle: Right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region

A
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19
Q

Lower: Right and left iliac regions and the hypogastric region

A
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20
Q

Body Regions

A
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21
Q

Axel region

A

Head, neck, and torso or trunk

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22
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower extremities

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23
Q

Body structure and function varies among individual and also throughout an individuals lifespan

A
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24
Q

The balance of body functions

A

Homeostasis

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25
Q

Survival depends on the body maintaining relatively constant conditions

A

Body mechanisms act as heaters, air pumps and the like to maintain the relatively stable conditions

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26
Q

Feedback Control

A

Feedback loop: Body’s general control system
Negative feedback: Opposes change in controlled condition
Positive Feedback: Amplifies occurring change

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26
Q

Normal fluctuations

A

Conditions in the body under homeostasis dont stay in one static condition
Conditions fluctuates near an ideal value
Ability to maintain balance is related to age; developmental processes; aging processes

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27
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissue organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than any tissue could alone

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28
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function that any organ could alone

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29
Q

Integumentary system

A

Structure
Has only one organ: the skin
Has many millions of appendages
Skin
Hair
Nails
sensor receptor
sweat and oil glands

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30
Q

Integumentary system Functions

A

Protection
regulation of body temperature
synthesis of chemicals
sense organ

31
Q

Muscular System

A

Structure/Muscles
Voluntary or striated
Involuntary or smooth
Cardiac
Functions
Movement
Maintenance of body posture
Production of heat

31
Q

Skeletal System

A

Structure: Bones and joints
Functions
Support
Movement ( with joints and muscles)
Storage of mineral
Blood cell formation

32
Q

Nervous system

A

Structure; brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Functions; Communication, integration, control, and recognition of sensory stimuli

33
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
thymus gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries(female)
testes(male)

34
Q

Endocrine functions

A

Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood
Organs of endocrine system perform same general functions as nervous system
Communication; integration; control

35
Q

Cardiovascular (circulatory) system

A

Heart; blood vessels(Arteries, veins, capillaries
Functions
Transportation
regulation of body temperature
immunity (body defence)

36
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Structure; lymph nodes; lymphatic vessels; tonsils; thymus; spleen
Functions; transportation; immunity (Body defence)

37
Q

Immune system

A

Structure; all of the body defence system
Functions; protects from diseases causing microorganism; harmful toxins
Help us react appropriately to irritants; injuries

38
Q

respiratory system

A

nose; larynx; pharynx; trachea; bronchi; lungs

39
Q

respiratory system

A

Exchange of waste gas( CO2) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
Warm and humidify incoming air
Filtration of irritants from inspired air
Regulation of acid base balance

40
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anal canal

41
Q

Digestive system

A

Secondary organs ( accessory)
Teeth; salivary glands; tongue; liver; gallbladder; pancreas; appendix

42
Q

Digestive function system

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
absorption of nutrients
undigested waste product that is eliminated is called FECES

43
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra

44
Q

Urinary system functions

A

Clearing or cleaning blood of waste product; waste excreted from the body is called urine
electrolyte balance
water balance
Acid base balance
in males, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

45
Q

Reproductive system Male

A

Gonads; testes
Genital ducts; vas deferens, urethra
Accessory glands; prostate
Supporting structures; Genitalia (penis and scrotum)

46
Q

Reproductive system femaleeee

A

GOnads; Ovaries
Accessory organ; uterus, uterine (fallopian tubes) vagina
Supporting structures: Genitalia (vulva) mammary glands (breast)

47
Q

Reproductive system functions

A

Survival of genes
production of sex cells( male sperm; female ovaries)
Development and birth of offspring
Nourishment of offspring
production of sex hormones

48
Q

Body as a whole

A

Focus on how each system and its organs relate to the body as a whole
Homeostasis explain how the body maintain relative constancy
No one body system functions entirely independently of others system

49
Q

Unit 2

A

Homeostasis (maintenance and balance)

50
Q

Organizational structure of a human body

A

levels of chemical organization
structure of atoms and chemical bonding
organic and inorganic compounds
carbs proteins lipids and nucleic acid

51
Q

Nucleus: Central core of atom

A

proton positive charge
neutron neutral charged non charge
atomic number number of proton in the nucleus
atomic mass number of proton and neutron combined

52
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle
May contain up to 8 electrons in each levels
energy increases with distance from nucleus
number of electron in outer energy levels determines chemical behaviour

53
Q

Elements

A

Elements; pure subtance, composed of only one type of atom
molecule: larger chemical unit of atoms
compound substance whose molecules have more than one element

54
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

two atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
radioactive isotopes: isotope that emits radiations

55
Q

Ionic bonds

A

form when oppositely charged ions attract each other

56
Q

electrolyte

A

forms ions when dissolved in water

57
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share their outer energy to fill up and thus become stable
Do not ordinary easily dissociate in water

58
Q

Inorganic chemistry: WATER

A

water is essential to life
water slightly glue like nature to helps hold the body together
water is a solvent, forming aqueous solutions in the body

59
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules and then strung together to form a larger molecule

60
Q

Hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction in which water is added to the subunits of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules

61
Q

All major organic molecules are form through DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS and broken apart by HYDROLYSIS

A
62
Q

Acid

A

Substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance

63
Q

Base

A

Substance that shifts H+/OH- balance against H+, also known as alkaline

64
Q

pH

A

mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution
pH 7 is neutral
pH values above 7 are basic

65
Q

neutralization

A

Acids and bases mix to form salts

66
Q

buffers

A

chemical system that absorbs excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH

67
Q

ORGANIC Carbohydrates complex carbs and sugars

A

contains CHO
Carbon Hydrogen and oxygen

68
Q

six carbon subunits

A

monosaccharides or single sugar
disaccharide double sugar made up two
polysaccharides complex of carbs made up of many mono

69
Q

Lipids: fats and oils

A

Triglycerides: made up of one glycerol unit and three fatty acids
store energy
Phospholipids: Similar to triglycerides structure except, with one or two fatty acids and with phosphorus
form membranes of cells

70
Q

cholesterol

A

Molecules have steroid structure made up of multiple rings
cholesterol stabilize the phospholipids tails in cellular membranes
cholesterol is converted into steroid hormones by the body

71
Q

Protein

A

very large molecules made up of amino acids held together in long, folded chains by peptide bonds

72
Q

structural proteins

A

form various structures of the bodyc

73
Q

collagen
fibrous protein that holds many tissues

A
74
Q

keratin
forms tough, waterproof fibers in the outher layer of the skin

A
75
Q
A

PN 1078 T (13 decks)

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