anatomy unit 3-5 Flashcards
Structural parts of the cells
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
nucleus
plasma membrane
outer boundary
thin two layered membrane of phopholipids
embedded w proteins
permeable
Cytoplasm
all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
internal framework
ribosomes
two tiny subunit rRNA
protein factories
endoplasmic reticulum
rough er - folds and transport
smooth er - chemicals, makes new membrane
golgi apparatus
flattened sacs near nucleus
packaged proteins
mitochondria
power plants cell
Lysosome
contains digestive enzymes
digestive bags
centrosome
microtubules
cytoskeleton near nuclues
cell extensions
microvilli
cilia
flagella
nucleus
central structure of the cell
contains most of the genetic codes
diffusion
substances scatter
osmosis
diffusion of water
filtration
movement of water and solutes
hydrostatic pressure on on side of membrane
dialysis
diffusion of small solutes particles
phagocytosis
cell eating
engulfs large particles
protective mechanism
ion pumps
protein complex
uses ATP
Active transport
pinocytosis
cell drinking
dissolved substance into cells
DNA
helix
master code of the cells
genetic code
genetic information
stored in base pair sequences
RNA and ribonucleic acid
copies genetic information from the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm
protein synthesis
occurs in cytoplasm
transferring genetic information
from nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription translation
cell growth
protein synthesis
transcription - mRNA
translation - involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes
codon - a series of 3 nucleotides
DNA replication
process by which each half of a DNA molecule become a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule
Cell reproduction
cell life cycle
two daughter cells
interphase
reproductinve of cell divisions
prophase first stage
chromosomes appears
centrioles move away
spindle fibers appear
nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic materia
metaphase second stage
chromosome align across center of cell
spindle fibers attach to each chromatic
anaphase 3rd stage
separated chromatids are called chromosomes
cleavage develops
telophase fourth stage
nuclei appear in daughter cells
nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear
cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis)
daughter cells become fully functional
tissue types extracellular matrix
tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid between cells
matrix is also called extracellular matrix (ECM)
the matrix varies in amoun and composition among the various tissues
epithelial tissues have any very little matrix because the cells are so closely connected
cuboidal
cube shaped
columnar
higher than they are wide
epitheleal tissue
covers the body and many of its part
squamous
flat and scalelike
transition
varying shapes that can stretch
simple and stratified
connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and function
Areolar (loose connective tissue)
f
fibrous glue that holds the organs together, collagenous and elastic fibers
Adipose ( fat) tissue
lipid storage, metabolism regulation and brown fat
produces heat
connective tissues
Reticular - delicate net of collage fibers, as in bone marrow
dense fibrous tissue - bundles of strong collagen fibers, and example is a tendon
bone tissue - matrix is calcified/ functions as supports and protection
cartilage - matrix is consistency of gristle like gel; chondrocyte cell
blood tissue - matrix is flluid; functions are transportation and protection
Muscle tissues
skeletal muscle tissue; attaches bones’ also called striated or voluntary
cardiac muscle - striated involuntary; heart wall ; cannot control contractions
smooth muscle - nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary’ found in blood vessels
nervous tissue
function of nervous tissue is to provde rapid communication between body structures and control
nerve cells
cell body
one axon
one or more dendrites
supporting cells; glia or neuroglia
