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PN 1078 T > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of the musculoskeletal system

A

supports and gives shape to the body
protects internal organs
stores calcium
hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
movement

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2
Q

Four major bone types

A

Long bones - humerus (arm)
Short bones - carpals ( wrist)
Flat bones - frontal (skull)
Irregular bones - vertebrae (spinal cord)
Sesamoid bone - round - patella - kneecap

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3
Q

Diaphysis or shaft

A

hollow tube of hard compact bone

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4
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow area inside diaphysis bone that contains yellow bone marrow

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5
Q

epiphyses or ends of the bone

A

spongy bone that contains red bone marrow

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6
Q

articular cartilage(Hyaline)

A

cover epiphyses and functions as cushion

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7
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining medulla cavity

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8
Q

periosteum

A

strong membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces

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9
Q

structure of flat bones

A

spongy bone layer sandwiched between two compact bone layers

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10
Q

diploe

A

spongy bone layer of flat bone

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11
Q

Bone development

A

early bone development
consist of cartilage and fibrous structures
osteoblast form new bone, and osteoclasts reabsorb bone
osteocytes are inactive osteoblast
cartilage models are gradually replaced by calcified bone matrix

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12
Q

Hyoid bone

A

in the midline of the neck anteriorly at the base of the mandible and posteriorly at the fourth cervical vertebra

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12
Q

Bones of the right arm

A

Elbow, and forearm (posterior view)

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13
Q

Bones of the right arm

A

Elbow, and forearm (Anterior View)

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14
Q

Bones of the right thigh

A

knee joint and leg

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15
Q

bones of the right foot

A

phalanges/metatarsals/tarsals

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16
Q

arches of the foot

A

Normal longitudinal arch
flatfoot
transverse arch

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17
Q

Skeletal vibrations

A

size - male skeleton generally larger
shape of pelvis - male pelvis deep and narrow
female - pelvis broad and shallow
size of pelvic inlet - female pelvic inlet generally wider, normally large enough for baby’s head to pass through it
pubic angle - angle between pubic bones of female generally wider

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18
Q

Male pelvis is a lot smaller compared to female pelvis

A
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19
Q

Skeletal Variations
Age differences

A

the human skeleton reaches its mature state around age 25
after age 50, the density of bone often decreases slowly

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20
Q

environmental factors

A

without enough calcium or vitamin D, the skeleton may show signs of degeneration
exercise has a profound effect on the skeleton

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21
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

blood cell production

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22
Q

Articulation of bones

A

Joints are also called articulations
Joints hold our bones together and make it possible for movement to occur
Every bone except the hyoid (which anchors the tongue) connects to at least one other bone

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23
Q

kinds of joints

A

diarthroses - free movement
synarthroses - no movement (skull)
amphiarthroses - slight movement (vertebrae)

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24
Q

Diarthroses

A

Most joints belong to this class
structures freely moveable joints: joints capture and ligaments hold adjoining bones together but permit movement at joint

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25
Q

articular cartilage

A

cover joints ends of bones and absorbs joints

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26
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines joints capsule and secretes lubricating fluid

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27
Q

joint cavity

A

space between joint ends of bones

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28
Q

bursa

A

fluid filled pouch that absorbs shock
inflammation of bursa called bursitis

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29
Q

Diarthroses

A

functions of freely moveable joints
ball and socket = shoulder and hip joints
hinge joint - elbow joint =
pivot - dens of axis rotation against atlas/ head of radius rotating against ulna = neck
saddle - carpometacarpal joint of thumb =
gliding - articular processes between vertebrae = intercarpal = intertarsal
condyloid - atlantoocipital joint = jaw = finger
allow different kinds of movements determined by the structure of each joint

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30
Q

Types of joints movements

A
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31
Q

flexion

A

reduces angle, as bending the elbow

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32
Q

extension

A

increases the angle, as in straightening the elbow

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33
Q

abduction

A

to move a part away from midline

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34
Q

adduction

A

to add or move a part toward the midline

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35
Q

rotation

A

spins one bone and relative to another

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36
Q

circumduction

A

moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, proximal end relatively stable

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37
Q

Synarthroses

A

no movement
fibrous connective tissue grows between articulation bones
sutures of skull

38
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slight movement
cartilage connects articulating bones
symphysis pubis

39
Q

MUSCLE

A
40
Q

Muscular tissue enables the body and its parts to move
Three types of muscle tissue exist in body
movement caused by muscle cells (fibers)
shortening or contracting
Muscle movement occurs when chemical energy (food converted to energy)

A
41
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Also called striated or voluntary muscle
microscope reveals crosswise stripes or striations
contractions can be voluntarily controlled

42
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Compose of bulk of heart
cardiac muscle fibers are branched
cardiac muscle fiber intercalated disks
cardiac muscle fiber, interconnections allow heart to contract efficiently as a unit

43
Q

smooth muscle

A

also called nonstriated or visceral muscle
lacks cross stripes or striation when seen under a microscope; appears smooth
found in walls of hollow structures, such as digestive tract, blood vessel, and so on
contraction not under voluntary control

44
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

muscle organs: mainly striated muscle fibers and connective tissue
connective tissue forms wrappers around each muscle fiber, around the fascicles of muscle fiber, and one around the entire muscle; fascia surrounds muscle organa and nearby

45
Q

regions of skeletal muscle

A

origin; attachment to the bone that remains relatively stationary or fixed when movement at the joint occurs
Insertion: point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts
Body: main part of the muscle

46
Q

muscle attach to the bone by tendons

A

strong cords or sheets of fibrous connective tissue that extend from them muscle organ
some tendons enclosed in synovial tubes and are lubricated by synovial fluid

47
Q

bursae

A

small synovial lined sacs containing small amount of synovial fluid: located between some tendons and underlying bones

48
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

Structure of muscle fibers (Figure 8-3) and contraction of muscle fibers
Contractile cells are called muscle fibers; connective tissue holds muscle fibers in parallel groupings
Fibers of the cytoskeleton form cylinders that contain thick myofilaments (containing myosin) and thin myofilaments (containing mainly actin)

49
Q

Basic functional (contractile) unit called sarcomere
Sarcomeres separated from each other by dark bands called Z lines
Sliding filament model explains mechanism of contraction
Thick and thin myofilaments slide past each other to contract
Contraction requires calcium and energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules

A
49
Q

Movement
Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones 
as a muscle contracts
The insertion bone is pulled closer to the origin bone
Movement occurs at the joint between the origin 
and the insertion

A
50
Q

Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement
Prime mover: Mainly responsible for producing a given movement
Synergist muscles: Help the prime mover produce a given movement
Antagonist muscles: Oppose the action of a prime mover in a given movement

A
50
Q

Posture
A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction (muscle tone) enables us to maintain body position
Only a few of a muscle’s fibers shorten at one time
Produce no movement of body parts
Maintain muscle tone called posture
Good posture favors best body functioning
Skeletal muscle tone maintains good posture by counteracting the pull of gravity

A
51
Q

Heat production
Survival depends on the body’s ability 
to maintain a constant body temperature
Fever: An elevated body temperature; often a sign of illness
Hypothermia: A reduced body temperature
Contraction of muscle fibers produces most 
of the heat required to maintain normal body temperature

A
52
Q

muscle fatigue

A

a decrease in maximal force or power production in response to contractile activity

52
Q

motor unit

A

stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse 
is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement
A motor neuron is the specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ): Point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber
Motor unit: Combination of a motor neuron with the muscle fibers it controls (Figure 8-5)

52
Q

Reduced strength of muscle contraction
Caused by repeated muscle stimulation without adequate periods of rest
Repeated muscular contraction depletes cellular ATP stores and outstrips the ability of the blood supply to replenish oxygen and nutrients
Contraction in the absence of adequate oxygen produces lactic acid, which contributes to muscle soreness

A
53
Q

Oxygen debt: Used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise
Labored breathing after strenuous exercise is required to “pay the debt”
This increased metabolism helps restore energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels

A
54
Q

role of the other body system in movement

A

Muscle functioning depends on the functioning of many other parts of the body
Most muscles cause movements by pulling 
on bones across moveable joints
Respiratory, circulatory, nervous, muscular, 
and skeletal systems play essential roles 
in producing normal movements
Multiple sclerosis, brain hemorrhage, and spinal cord injury are examples of how pathological conditions in other body organ systems can dramatically affect movement

55
Q

cytokines

A

fix or repair the damaged muscles

56
Q

thin Actin

A
57
Q

Thick myosin

A
58
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The muscle contracts when these filaments slide past each other, resulting in a shortening of the sarcomere and thus muscle

59
Q
A
60
Q

muscle contraction is initiated when muscle fibers are stimulated by nerve impulse and calcium ions are released

A
61
Q

the troponin units on the actin myofilaments are bound by calcium ions

A
62
Q

The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber is called

A

neuromuscular junction

63
Q

what role does acetylcholine plays in muscle contraction?

A

excite the activation of muscle function properly

64
Q

muscle will only contract if an applied stimulus reaches a certain level on intensity
Threshold stimulus: minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

A
65
Q

types of skeletal muscle contractions

A

twitch = is a quick, jerky response to stimulus
tetanic = more sustained and steady
isotonic = produces movement at a joint
isometric = muscle contracts and no movement

66
Q

concetric contraction

A

muscle shortens

66
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens but still provides work

66
Q

isotonic contraction =
examples

A

bicep burls, push-ups, pull-ups, and contractions occurring in the legs while running.

67
Q

isometric example

A

planking, isometric exercise is any type of exercise that holds the body in one position

68
Q

performing heavier task or duty, motor neuron will signals to all our body to help achieve the goal

A
68
Q

brain signals to motor neuron, when they receives the message, muscle begins to contract
the bigger the challenges we face, bigger signals will create

A
69
Q

injured cells released

A

cytokines active the immune system to repair the injuries = makes the muscle bigger and stronger

70
Q

hypertrophy

A

focuses mostly on developing your muscles

71
Q

muscle atrophy

A

the decrease in size and wasting of muscle tissue.

72
Q

why do we need smooth ER?

A

production of lipids and some carbs

73
Q
A
74
Q

ribosomes are attached to the rough ER

A
75
Q

underneath the golgi, their are granules called lysosomes

A
76
Q

why do we need the nucleus?

A

DNA = master code = codon

77
Q

ribosomes makes the protein = protein factories = will move around ER
then goes to golgi = packaged and shipped

A
78
Q

why do we need smooth eR?

A

production of lipids

79
Q

golgi apparatues

A

packaged the proteins

80
Q

why do we need mitochondria?

A

produces energy = power plant

81
Q

what lysosomes do?

A

digestive bags

82
Q
A
82
Q

cell membrane

A
83
Q
A
84
Q
A

PN 1078 T (12 decks)

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