anatomy test - unit A Flashcards
musclo-skeletal system
what is abduction
the raising of arm or leg away from the center line
what is adduction
the lowering of an arm or leg towards the center line
what is circumduction
the tracing of a circular path by an appendicular body part
what is a joint
a joint is where two bones articulate
what is a joint capsule
joint capsule is connective tissue which envelops a joint and retain synovial fluid
what is a ligament
a ligament is a strong fibrous band that attaches one bone to another
what is a tendon
a tendon is a strong fibrous band that attaches a muscle to bone
what is cartilage
cartilage is tough white gristle attached to the end of bones to prevent jarring
what is the meniscus
the meniscus is the crescent shaped lateral and medial cartilage in the knee joint
what is inversion
inwards rolling of the arches of the foot caused by the lifting of the outer edges of the foot
what is eversion
outwards rolling of the arches of the foot caused by the lifting of the inner edges of the foot
what is a nerve
a nerve conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles throughout the body in order to produce desired movements
what is bursa
protective fluid sac surrounding joints that may be subjected to pressure or friction (knee, elbow)`
what is another word for contusion
bruise
what is another word for hemorrhage
bleeding
what is a sprain
tearing of ligamentous tissue (tear in the ligament)
what is a strain
tearing of muscle fibers (tear in muscle)
what is supination
turning of the palm of the hand up
what is pronation
turning of the palm of the hand down
what are the different parts of the skeleton
Axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
what is the axial skeleton
skull, spine, thorax (ribs)
axial bones run along the central axis of the body and support and protect the head and torso
what is the function of the axial skeleton
to protect the vital organs of the body
What is the appendicular skeleton?
the shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, hand, leg and foot
these are known as the appendages or limbs of the skeleton
what is the function of the appendicular skeleton
the function of the appendicular skeleton is motion as tendons attach to muscle to the bones and movement is brought about by the muscles contracting to pulling which turns the bones into levers
what is the five functions of bones
- support; the organs and tissues of the body are organized within a moveable framework
- protection; the bones contain and protect the internal organs
- movement; the bones provide a system of levers which the muscles operate
- storage ; the bones act as a mineral reservoir
- blood cell formation; white and red blood cells are produced in bone marrow to provide a supply of blood cells
what are the 3 different kinds of muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth or involuntary muscle
cardiac muscle
what is skeletal muscle
- they are attached to bone
- they hold the skeleton together, give the body shape and help it with everyday movements
- voluntary muscles because you can control them
- they can contract quickly and powerfully but they tire easily and have to rest between workouts
what is smooth or involuntary muscle
- smooth not striated
- generally, we can’t consciously control our smooth muscles as they’re automatically controlled by the nervous system
- examples; walls of the stomach and the small intestine
- take longer to contract but can stay contracted for a longer amount of time
what are cardiac muscles
- found in the heart
- composed of the walls of the heart chambers
- involuntary
- force blood out of the heart as it beats
give an example of a fibrous or immoveable joint
the dome of the skull, joints that hole the teeth in the jawbone
give an example of a cartilaginous or partially moveable joint
each vertebrae in the spine
linked by cartilage
give an example of synovial or freely moveable joints
hip, shoulders, elbow, knees, wrist and ankles
main types of joints
filled with synovial fluid (acts as a lubricant so that they can move freely)
the different types of synovial joints are
- ball and socket (shoulder, hip
- hinge (elbow)
- saddle (base of thumb)
- ellipsoid (wrist - side to side)
- pivot (neck)
- gliding (wrist - up and down)
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the shoulder joint
bones - scapular and humerus
range of movement - adduction, abduction, flexion, rotation and extension
type of joint - ball and socket
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the hip joint
bones - cup of the illium and head of the femur
range of movement - adduction, abduction, flexion, rotation and extension
type of joint - ball and socket
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the elbow joint
bones - humerus, radius and ulna
range of movement - flexion and extension
joint type - hinge
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the ankle joint
bones - tibia, fibula and talus
range of movement - flexion, extension and some rotation is not bearing weight
joint type - hinge
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the knee joint
bones - femur, tibia, fibular and the patella (protects the joint)
range of movement - flexion, extension and some rotation is not bearing weight
joint type - hinge
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the thumb joint
bones - metacarpals and phalanges
range of movement - all movement but limited rotation
joint type - saddle
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the wrist joint
bones - carpels and phalanges
Range of movement - addiction, abduction, flexion and extension
joint type - ellipsoid
describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the neck joint
bones - skull and first cervical vertebrae
range of movement - rotation
joint type - pivot
what are the different sections of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the cervical spine
7 vertebrae
flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion and rotation
how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the thoracic spine
12 vertebrae
flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion
how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the lumbar spine
5 vertebrae
flexion, extension, hyperextension and lateral flexion
function of the spine
- facilitate movement
- protect the spinal chord
- support and distribute the body’s weight
- provide attachments to the skull, thorax and pelvic girdle
- protect the central nervous system
what is the pelvis
two hip bones that join each other at the inter pubic joint. the pelvis is that bowl created from the two hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx
movement of the pelvic girdle
- rotation to the right and left
- lateral tilt to the right and left
- slight forwards and backward movement
what is the hip
the hip joint supports the pelvis, which in turn supports the upper part of the body
movement of the hip
- flexion
- horizontal flexion
- extension
- horizontal extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation outwards
- rotation inward
factors which impede or limit a dancers ability to achieve ‘turnout’
- trying to turn out from the feet rather than using the lower hip extremity of the hip
- limit of turnout should be determined by the natural turnout of the hip
- if a hip joint is tight with a 30 degree turnout but the dancer achieves a 60 degree turnout by using the feet, the additional range has been obtained by twisting the knee which will cause injury over time
bones that make up the hip
- ilium
- ischium
- femur
what does the hind foot consist of
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- cuboid
what does the forefoot consist of
- 3 cuneiforms
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
movement of the foot
- dorsi flexion (towards body)
- plantar flexion (away from body)
- inversion (inward rolling - sickling)
- eversion (outward rolling - fish)
