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dance > anatomy test - unit A > Flashcards

anatomy test - unit A Flashcards

musclo-skeletal system

1
Q

what is abduction

A

the raising of arm or leg away from the center line

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2
Q

what is adduction

A

the lowering of an arm or leg towards the center line

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3
Q

what is circumduction

A

the tracing of a circular path by an appendicular body part

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4
Q

what is a joint

A

a joint is where two bones articulate

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5
Q

what is a joint capsule

A

joint capsule is connective tissue which envelops a joint and retain synovial fluid

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6
Q

what is a ligament

A

a ligament is a strong fibrous band that attaches one bone to another

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7
Q

what is a tendon

A

a tendon is a strong fibrous band that attaches a muscle to bone

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8
Q

what is cartilage

A

cartilage is tough white gristle attached to the end of bones to prevent jarring

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9
Q

what is the meniscus

A

the meniscus is the crescent shaped lateral and medial cartilage in the knee joint

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10
Q

what is inversion

A

inwards rolling of the arches of the foot caused by the lifting of the outer edges of the foot

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11
Q

what is eversion

A

outwards rolling of the arches of the foot caused by the lifting of the inner edges of the foot

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12
Q

what is a nerve

A

a nerve conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles throughout the body in order to produce desired movements

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13
Q

what is bursa

A

protective fluid sac surrounding joints that may be subjected to pressure or friction (knee, elbow)`

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14
Q

what is another word for contusion

A

bruise

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15
Q

what is another word for hemorrhage

A

bleeding

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16
Q

what is a sprain

A

tearing of ligamentous tissue (tear in the ligament)

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17
Q

what is a strain

A

tearing of muscle fibers (tear in muscle)

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18
Q

what is supination

A

turning of the palm of the hand up

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19
Q

what is pronation

A

turning of the palm of the hand down

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20
Q

what are the different parts of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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21
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

skull, spine, thorax (ribs)

axial bones run along the central axis of the body and support and protect the head and torso

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22
Q

what is the function of the axial skeleton

A

to protect the vital organs of the body

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23
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

the shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, hand, leg and foot

these are known as the appendages or limbs of the skeleton

24
Q

what is the function of the appendicular skeleton

A

the function of the appendicular skeleton is motion as tendons attach to muscle to the bones and movement is brought about by the muscles contracting to pulling which turns the bones into levers

25
Q

what is the five functions of bones

A
  1. support; the organs and tissues of the body are organized within a moveable framework
  2. protection; the bones contain and protect the internal organs
  3. movement; the bones provide a system of levers which the muscles operate
  4. storage ; the bones act as a mineral reservoir
  5. blood cell formation; white and red blood cells are produced in bone marrow to provide a supply of blood cells
26
Q

what are the 3 different kinds of muscle

A

skeletal muscle

smooth or involuntary muscle

cardiac muscle

27
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A
  • they are attached to bone
  • they hold the skeleton together, give the body shape and help it with everyday movements
  • voluntary muscles because you can control them
  • they can contract quickly and powerfully but they tire easily and have to rest between workouts
28
Q

what is smooth or involuntary muscle

A
  • smooth not striated
  • generally, we can’t consciously control our smooth muscles as they’re automatically controlled by the nervous system
  • examples; walls of the stomach and the small intestine
  • take longer to contract but can stay contracted for a longer amount of time
29
Q

what are cardiac muscles

A
  • found in the heart
  • composed of the walls of the heart chambers
  • involuntary
  • force blood out of the heart as it beats
30
Q

give an example of a fibrous or immoveable joint

A

the dome of the skull, joints that hole the teeth in the jawbone

31
Q

give an example of a cartilaginous or partially moveable joint

A

each vertebrae in the spine

linked by cartilage

32
Q

give an example of synovial or freely moveable joints

A

hip, shoulders, elbow, knees, wrist and ankles

main types of joints

filled with synovial fluid (acts as a lubricant so that they can move freely)

33
Q

the different types of synovial joints are

A
  • ball and socket (shoulder, hip
  • hinge (elbow)
  • saddle (base of thumb)
  • ellipsoid (wrist - side to side)
  • pivot (neck)
  • gliding (wrist - up and down)
34
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the shoulder joint

A

bones - scapular and humerus

range of movement - adduction, abduction, flexion, rotation and extension

type of joint - ball and socket

35
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the hip joint

A

bones - cup of the illium and head of the femur

range of movement - adduction, abduction, flexion, rotation and extension

type of joint - ball and socket

36
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the elbow joint

A

bones - humerus, radius and ulna

range of movement - flexion and extension

joint type - hinge

37
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the ankle joint

A

bones - tibia, fibula and talus

range of movement - flexion, extension and some rotation is not bearing weight

joint type - hinge

38
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the knee joint

A

bones - femur, tibia, fibular and the patella (protects the joint)

range of movement - flexion, extension and some rotation is not bearing weight

joint type - hinge

39
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the thumb joint

A

bones - metacarpals and phalanges

range of movement - all movement but limited rotation

joint type - saddle

40
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the wrist joint

A

bones - carpels and phalanges

Range of movement - addiction, abduction, flexion and extension

joint type - ellipsoid

41
Q

describe the range of movement, type of joint, and what bones are in the neck joint

A

bones - skull and first cervical vertebrae

range of movement - rotation

joint type - pivot

42
Q

what are the different sections of the spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

43
Q

how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the cervical spine

A

7 vertebrae

flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion and rotation

44
Q

how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the thoracic spine

A

12 vertebrae

flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion

45
Q

how many vertebrae and the range of movement in the lumbar spine

A

5 vertebrae

flexion, extension, hyperextension and lateral flexion

46
Q

function of the spine

A
  • facilitate movement
  • protect the spinal chord
  • support and distribute the body’s weight
  • provide attachments to the skull, thorax and pelvic girdle
  • protect the central nervous system
47
Q

what is the pelvis

A

two hip bones that join each other at the inter pubic joint. the pelvis is that bowl created from the two hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx

48
Q

movement of the pelvic girdle

A
  • rotation to the right and left
  • lateral tilt to the right and left
  • slight forwards and backward movement
49
Q

what is the hip

A

the hip joint supports the pelvis, which in turn supports the upper part of the body

50
Q

movement of the hip

A
  • flexion
  • horizontal flexion
  • extension
  • horizontal extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • rotation outwards
  • rotation inward
51
Q

factors which impede or limit a dancers ability to achieve ‘turnout’

A
  • trying to turn out from the feet rather than using the lower hip extremity of the hip
  • limit of turnout should be determined by the natural turnout of the hip
  • if a hip joint is tight with a 30 degree turnout but the dancer achieves a 60 degree turnout by using the feet, the additional range has been obtained by twisting the knee which will cause injury over time
52
Q

bones that make up the hip

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • femur
53
Q

what does the hind foot consist of

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuboid
54
Q

what does the forefoot consist of

A
  • 3 cuneiforms
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 14 phalanges
55
Q

movement of the foot

A
  • dorsi flexion (towards body)
  • plantar flexion (away from body)
  • inversion (inward rolling - sickling)
  • eversion (outward rolling - fish)

dance (10 decks)

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