Anatomy S1 Flashcards
1
Q
Skull bones + foramina WEEK 37
A
YAY FUN
2
Q
What is the skull bone where the forehead and a little further back is?
A
Frontal bone
3
Q
What is the bone posterior to the frontal bone?
A
Parietal bone
4
Q
What is the large circular bone on both sides of the head?
A
Temporal bone
5
Q
What is the small bone anterior to the temporal bone and posterior to the eyes?
A
Sphenoid bone
6
Q
What is the large rounded triangular proccess inferior to the temporal bone?
A
Mastoid bone
7
Q
What is the hole next to the mastoid bone and the temporal bone?
A
External acoustic meatus
8
Q
Where can the sphenoid bone be visualised looking face on with a skull?
A
in the eye cavity
9
Q
Where is the nasal bone on a face on skull?
A
on the top of the nose
10
Q
Where is the mandible
A
lower jaw bone
11
Q
Where is the maxilla?
A
Upper jaw bone
12
Q
Where is the zygomat?
A
Cheek bone
13
Q
Where is the ethmoid bone located in a front facing skull?
A
Kind of upper nose at the back (given the nose is just a big hole)
14
Q
What is the nmeumonic for bony foramina?
A
Children –> cribriform plate
Of –> Optic Canal
Slovakia –> Superior Orbital Fissure
Release –> Foramen Rotundum
Odourless –> Foramen Ovale
Shit –> Foramen Spinosum
Constantly –> Carotid Canal
In –> Internal acoustic meatus
John –> Jugular Foramen
Hunter –> Hypoglossal Canal
15
Q
What bone is the cribriform plate?
A
Ethmoid bone
16
Q
What is a general way to remember what things runs through the bony foramina?
A
Generally count up
17
Q
Where is the hypoglossal canal located?
A
Immediately next to the foramen magnum (on both sides)
18
Q
What runs through the hypoglossal canal?
A
CN12
19
Q
Where is the cribiform plate in terms of skull foramina and what does it look like?
A
Most anterior (Children) –> looks like bubbly bone in the area of the nose (medial)
20
Q
What is the second bony foramina?
A
Optical canal
21
Q
Where is the optical canal and what runs through it?
A
It is located medially at the base of the two claw looking structures
CN2 –> optic nerve runs through
22
Q
Where is the superior orbital fissure located?
A
At the base of the class structures but not an visible hole
23
Q
What runs through the superior orbital fissue?
A
3,4,V(1)
24
Q
Where is the foramen rotundum?
A
just lateral and behind the claw structure –> small hole
25
What runs through the foramen rotundum?
V(2)
26
Where is the foramen ovale located?
Obvious oval hole just near foramen rotundum (slightly lateral and posterior)
27
What runs through the foramen ovale?
V(3)
28
Where is foramen spinosum?
lateral dark hole from obvious ovale
29
What runs through spinosum?
MMA and meningeal V3
30
Where is the carotid canal?
just posterior from ovale --> not super obvious looks like a bone ledge
31
What runs through the carotid canal?
ICA --> inner carotid artery
32
Where is the internal aucoustic meatus?
Big obvious hole posterior from the carotid canal
33
What runs through the internal aousitic meatus?
CN 7 and CN 8 --> facial and vestibular nerves
34
Where is the jugular foramen?
lateral of the hypoglossal foramen
under the internal acoustic meatus
obvious hole
35
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
periosteal --> outer
| meningeal --> inner
36
What is the difference between the periosteal and meningeal dura layers?
periosteal --> around the bone (has no folds)
| Meningeal --> (has folds)
37
What connects the ventricle system to the sub arachnoid space?
Median and Lateral apertures
38
What does the ICA branch off?
ICA (internal carotid artery) --> branches from common carotid (around C4)
39
What does the VA branch off?
VA (ventral artery)--> --> first branch off subclavian
40
SPINE ANATOMY AND BRAINSTEM
YAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYA
41
What is the Globus pallietus and the putamen?
Lentiform nucleus
42
What is the dorsal striatum made from?
Caudate and Putamen
43
What is the structure very close to the lateral ventricles in a coronal brain slice?
Caudate
44
Where is the thalamus?
Structure very close to the 3rd ventricle (either side of) --> thalamus just above the midbrain
45
What is the structure that has some connections to the caudate?
Putamen
46
What is the tract (white) between the caudate and the putamen?
Internal capsule
47
Where does a lacunar stroke happen?
Could be in the small capillaries of the internal capsule
48
What is the symptoms of lacunar strokes normally?
Mostly motor only (pure motor) --> but can have some sensory symptoms
49
Where is the Globus paletius?
It is the 2 smaller segments of ice-cream than the putamen --> having 2 separate names for each (external and internal)
50
What is the cerebral hemispheres classified as?
Telencephalon
51
What is contained in the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus (di = 2 = 2 2 things)
52
What is the top part of the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
53
Where is the Metencephalon?
Middle of the midbrain
54
What is the name for the medulla (bottom of the midbrain)?
Myelencephalon
55
What is the way to remember Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon?
They are in alphabetical order going down the midbrain
56
Where is the temp control section?
Little bit up from the top of the midbrain --> thalamus appetite, temp, hormones
57
What is the lateral nerves of the upper pons? (punches through)?
Trigeminal (V)
58
What is the cranial nerve on the dorsal brain stem (near the caliculi (small bumps))?
Trochlear
59
What is the calliculi important for?
Auditory and sight
60
Where does the tectospinal tract start?
Calciuli (upper brainstem)
61
Where are the medullary pyramids?
2 tracts leading down from the frontal lumps of the pons
62
What is the tracts at the back (dorsal) of the brainstem (under the pons)?
Cuneatus (lateral)
| Gracilus (medial)
63
What is the lateral part of the midbrain slice?
Cerebral peduncles
64
What is the tracts within the cerebral peduncles?
Corticospinal and corticobulbar etc
65
What is the darker looking area just medial of the cerebral peduncles?
Substantia nigra
66
What is the small hole in the midbrain slice?
Cerebral aqueduct
67
Where is the 4th ventricle?
more near the pons level to the cerrebellum (much larger hole than the cerebral aqueduct)
68
What does the pons feed into?
Cerebellar peduncles
69
What is the hole in the medulla structure?
Rhomboid fossa (with 2 small choroid plexus structures)
70
Where do spinous process extend from?
Medial aspect of vertebrae
71
Where do transverse processes extend from?
Lateral aspects of vertebrae
72
Where is the vertebral body?
Next to the vertebral foramen --> the meaty bony part of the vertebrae (solid disk)
73
What are key features of cervical vertebrae?
Bifid spinous process (spinous process is extending from medial)
Transverse foramina (holes on the lateral sides)
Large central vertebral foramen
74
What artery through transverse foramen?
vertebral artery
75
What is atlas?
C1
76
What is C2?
Axis
77
What is C7?
Vertebrae prominens (as you can feel it running fingers down the neck)
78
Key features of thoracic vertebrae?
Downwards sloping spinous process
Well developed transverse process (for rib connection)
Demi facets --> for ribs (rib joints between 2 vertebrae)
Heart shaped vertebral body
79
Defining features of lumbar vertebrae?
Thick body
Stubby processes
Well developed articular facets
80
What do articular facets prevent?
Rotation
81
Where does the sympathetic trunk comes from?
T1-L2 --> can extend above and below but exit the spinal cord at T1-L2
82
Where is conus medullaris?
L2
83
What extends under the conus medullaris?
Corda equina
84
Where do the meninges end?
Pial ends a bit early near the conus medularis
Dural filum terminali extends further to the coccyx to help anchor
85
What level do we do lumbar puncture?
L3-L4 normally
86
Why is lumbar puncture done at L3-L4?
To avoid hitting the conus medullaris
87
What are denticulate ligaments?
Between nerve roots --> pia mater thickens to form them --> they extend to attach to the dura --> to suspend and support the spinal cord
88
What are the pyramidal tracts?
Corticospinal
| Corticobulbar
89
Where do the pyramidal tracts decussate?
Medullary pyramids
90
Where do pyramidal tract lesions give ipsilateral deficits?
Below decussation --> below medullary pyramids
91
What side does a spinothalamic tract ascend?
Contralateral --> it decussates when entering the spinal cord then travels upwards
92
What side does the dorsal column ascend?
Ascends in the ipsilateral --> then decussates in the medulla
93
What is brown Sequard's syndrome?
Hemisection of the spinal cord:
Ipsilateral --> motor and dorsal loss
Contralateral --> spinothalamic
94
Where is the sensory first order neuron always?
Dorsal root ganglion
95
FROM OLD ANATOMY/HISTOLOGY FORMATIVE:
yayayayayayyaa
96
what pathology has a reasonable common pathology on the optic chiasm?
Pituitary adenoma
97
What are platelets produced by?
megakaryocytes
98
What do megakaryocytes look like?
large multinucleated
99
What nerve runs down the middle of the humerus?
radial nerve
100
What movements does the radial nerve do?
extension of elbow and extension of wrist
101
What does extension of wrist look like?
wrist fold back on forearm --> as if revving a motorbike
102
What level does the conus medularis end?
L2
103
What is the conus medularis
end of the spinal cord
104
What continues from the conus medularis
cauda equina
105
What is the role of the ACL
Anterior-posterior stability --> stops movement posteriorly
106
What is the role of the PCL?
Posterior-anterior stability --> stops movement anteriorly
107
What deficits would you expect in a right sided T12 lesion
Right proprioception, vibration, motor
| Left pain and temperature
108
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial
109
What is the identifying features of a thoracic vertebrae?
Downwards sloping spinous process
Well developed transverse process (for rib connection)
Demi facets --> for ribs (rib joints between 2 vertebrae)
Heart shaped vertebral body
110
What nerve arrises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous (1st M in marmu)
111
What are the cortical layers of the cerebellum
Granular
Purkinje
Molecular
112
What nerve innervates the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal
113
What is the most common WBC?
Neutrophil
114
What is in the lateral ventricles?
Choroid plexus --> produces CSF
115
Within hyaline cartilage are blasts or cytes more common closer to compacted cells?
Blasts
116
What is a pancoast tumour?
a lung tumour that may invade the brachial plexus?
117
What is the most likely result of a pancoast tumour?
insensate limb
118
What area is brocas area? and what is its purpose?
posterior frontal lobe (kind of in the middle)
| --> motor control of speech
119
In bone marrow what are the large white regions
adipocytes
120
what do astrocytes look like?
black spindly spiders
121
if a person has a right sided cerebellar lesion --> what side would the deficit be on?
same side --> ipsilateral --> not like motor which is contralateral.
122
will a cerebellar lesion give dysdiachokinesia or resting tremor?
ipsilateral dysdiachokinesia
123
What artery passes through the tarsal tunnel?
posterior tibial
124
What does a haversian canal look like?
Looks like woody bark surrounding a dark hole
125
What is some features of a basophil (histology)
bilobed nucleus is obscured by cytoplasm
Highly granular (dark purple cytoplasm) (just looks fully granular)
126
What action does the nerve that runs through the hypoglossal canal enable?
poke out tongue
127
What is the facial sensation regions of V1 (opthalamic)
front of nose up to medial forehead and dorsal skull
128
What is the facial sensation regions of V2
upper lip and cheek
129
What is the facial sensation regions of V3
lower jaw and up to the anterior ear (and up a bit more than that)
130
What is the role of the thalamus for information processing?
Relay sensory information from contralateral side of cortex
131
What is the muscle that protracts the scapula
Serratus anterior
132
If someone had a lesion on their right visual cortex what side would their symptoms be?
Left side
133
what do sickle cells look like?
long streaky RBCs
134
What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve
135
What kind of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous
