Anatomy Review

Question 1

List the three parts of the ear in order

Answer 1

Outer, Middle, Inner ear

Question 2

What are the four functions of the outer ear?

Answer 2

1. Pinna & External auditory meatus houses there
2. It collects & directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
3. Gives directional ques
4. Has a resonance which provides an increase in sound pressure 2-7kHz

Question 3

What part of the outer ear should you know?

Answer 3

Crus (Helix), Tragus, Lobule, Concha

Question 4

What’s another name for the ear canal?

Answer 4

External auditory meatus

Question 5

Where does the EAM start and end?

Answer 5

From the pinna to the tympanic membrane

Question 6

What is the texture of the EAM?

Answer 6

The outer portion is cartilaginous, and the inner portion is bony

Question 7

Where is ear wax formed?

Answer 7

In the EAM but towards the outer portion

Question 8

What makes our ear wax move out of our ears?

Answer 8

There are cilia located in the outer portion

Question 9

What makes up the middle ear?

Answer 9

Tympanic membrane and the ossicles

Question 10

Name the ossicles in order

Answer 10

Malleus, Incus, & Stapes

Question 11

What is the main function of the middle ear?

Answer 11

To overcome the impedance mismatch between the air-filled auditory canal and fluid filled cochlea

Question 12

What is the size difference between the eardrum & stapes?

Answer 12

The eardrum is bigger than the stapes footplate, so more pressure is applied on the stapes

Question 13

The tympanic membrane has how many layers of tissue?

Answer 13

Three

Question 14

Where is the umbo located?

Answer 14

Tympanic membrane and it’s the head of the malleus

Question 15

Where is the “cone of light located”?

Answer 15

In the Tympanic membrane

Question 16

What is the “cone of light”?

Answer 16

It’s a light reflex that’s on the bottom left or bottom right

Question 17

What does the reflection mean on a TM?

Answer 17

That it is healthy

Question 18

What are the smallest bones in the human body?

Answer 18

The Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, & Stapes

Question 19

What’s the purpose of the inner ear?

Answer 19

Houses hearing and balance

Question 20

What structure makes up the inner ear?

Answer 20

Cochlea, 8th Nerve, Semicircular Canals, & Oval Window

Question 21

What does the footplate of the stapes sit on?

Answer 21

The oval window

Question 22

The inner ear has a…

Answer 22

Fluid-filled cochlea

Question 23

What overcomes the impedance?

Answer 23

The ossicles

Question 24

What pertains to audition?

Answer 24

The organ of corti

Question 25

What makes up the organ of corti?

Answer 25

1. 3 rows of inner hair cells 2. 1 row of outer hair cells 3. The tectorial membrane where shearing action occurs

Question 26

What causes the shearing action?

Answer 26

When vibration causes the stereocilia to bend and rub against the tectorial membrane

Question 27

What is responsible for the different tones we hear?

Answer 27

Our cochlea is tonotopically organized. As you travel along the cochlea, we go from H-L frequency

Question 28

What doesn't the cochlea do?

Answer 28

Process signals

Question 29

What does the cochlea do?

Answer 29

Sends the signal to our brain

Question 30

List the Central Auditory Pathway stops in order

Answer 30

1. Ventral Cochlear Nucleus 2. Superior Olivary Nucleus 3. Lateral Lemniscus 4. Inferior Colliculus 5. Medial Geniculate Body 6. Primary Auditory Cortex

Question 31

What is the pathway of sound?

Answer 31

Outer ear - Middle Ear - Inner Ear - VIIIth Nerve to Brain

Question 32

What is air conduction?

Answer 32

It's how sound is heard in real life environments

Question 33

Where does air conduction pass?

Answer 33

Pass through the outer, middle, & inner ear to the brain

Question 34

What does bone conduction stimulate

Answer 34

It directly stimulates the cochlea through vibration of temporal bone

Question 35

What does bone conduction bypass?

Answer 35

Outer & Middle ear

Question 36

What are the three types of HL?

Answer 36

1. Conductive HL 2. Sensorineural HL 3. Mixed HL

Question 37

What is a conductive HL?

Answer 37

A barrier/impairment to sound present in the outer/middle ear

Question 38

How can conductive HL be assessed?

Answer 38

Through air conduction

Question 39

When is hearing normal for conductive HL?

Answer 39

When assessed through bone conductive (because bone conduction stimulates the cochlea & this where hearing is functionally normally)

Question 40

What is a sensorineural HL?

Answer 40

Impairment is present in cochlea/VIIIth nerve

Question 41

How can sensorineural be assessed?

Answer 41

Through air & bone conduction and the levels are the same

Question 42

What is a mixed hearing loss?

Answer 42

An impairment/barrier shown in both outer/middle ear & cochlea/nerve

Question 43

When is HL noted for a Mixed Hearing Loss?

Answer 43

When assessed by air & bone conduction

Question 44

In Mixed Hearing Loss, which is worse? Air or Bone?

Answer 44

Air is worse

Question 45

When Mixed Hearing Loss is being assessed by bone conduction, what happens?

Answer 45

Impairment in the outer/middle ear is ADDED to the impairment in cochlea/nerve