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AUDIOLOGY > Acoustics Review > Flashcards

Acoustics Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is acoustics?

A

Science of sound

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2
Q

What’s the key to being a sound source?

A

Having the ability to vibrate

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3
Q

What must an object have to vibrate?

A

Mass & elasticity

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4
Q

What is pressure dependent on?

A

The amount of force and the area its being applied to

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5
Q

What’s the formula for pressure?

A

P= F/A

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of wave motion?

A

Transverse & Longitudinal

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7
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Vibration of particles is 90degress from direction of wave movement

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8
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

Vibration of particles is parallel to direction of wave movement

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9
Q

Which wave is a sound wave?

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

What does longitudinal waves consist of?

A

Condensation & Refraction

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11
Q

What is condensation?

A

Molecules are packed closely

There’s high pressure (+1)

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12
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

Molecules pull away and due to elasticity and inertia it moves it past the molecule’s original point

-1

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13
Q

What is a sine wave?

A

A pure tone sound wave that moves through a medium

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14
Q

How is a wavelength measured?

A

It’s measured from any point on a sinusoid to same point on the next cycle of wave

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15
Q

What is the formula of a wavelength?

A

W = v/f

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16
Q

What happens as frequency increases?

A

Wavelength decreases

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17
Q

A short wavelength has what type of frequency?

A

High

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18
Q

A long wavelength has what type of frequency?

A

Low

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19
Q

Frequency is perceived as…

A

Pitch

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20
Q

Another way to identify frequency is…

A

By how many cycles occur over time

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21
Q

What is the formula for frequency?

A

F = 1/t

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22
Q

What is a period?

A

It’s the time to complete one cycle

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23
Q

Period is the..

A

Inverse of frequency

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24
Q

What is the formula for period?

A

T = 1/f

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25
Q

How does frequency effect mass?

A

Greater mass = lower frequency

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26
Q

How does frequency effect length?

A

Short length = higher frequency

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27
Q

How does frequency effect stiffness?

A

More compliant = lower frequency

More stiff = higher frequency

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28
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The distance the mass moves from the point of rest

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29
Q

Amplitude is perceived as…

A

Loudness

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30
Q

What is a complex sound?

A

It has a # of different frequencies and amplitudes

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31
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

The lowest rate of a sound’s vibration

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32
Q

What are periodic sounds?

A

A complex sound that repeats over time

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33
Q

What is an aperiodic sound?

A

Complex sound that does not repeat over time.

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34
Q

Complex sounds consist of…

A

Periodic & Aperiodic sounds

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35
Q

What is a decibel?

A

It measures amplitude (pressure) or intensity(energy) of sound

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36
Q

What do we use decibels for?

A

The logarithmic scale. It compares an observed value to a standard or reference value

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37
Q

What is the standard reference?

A

Intensity = 10^-12 w/m^2

38
Q

What is the effective standard reference?

A

0 dB

39
Q

Is sound present @ 0dB?

A

Yes, because there’s measured intensity or pressure

40
Q

What is Observed Level?

A

Level of intensity or pressure that is measure or observed when a sound is present

41
Q

For the observed level, what is being compared?

A

The value is compared to the reference level to get the decibel

42
Q

What does a positive decibel mean?

A

There was MORE intense/higher pressure (Louder) than reference

43
Q

What does a negative decibel mean?

A

There was LESS intense/lower pressure (Softer) than reference

44
Q

What does a 0-value mean?

A

Means observed level is equal to reference

45
Q

What is the pressure @ the reference level?

A

Pressure = 20 micro Pascals

46
Q

What is the Intensity Level formula?

A

db(IL) = 10 x log (Io/Ir)

47
Q

What is the Sound-Pressure Level (SPL) formula?

A

db(SPL) = 20 x log (Po/Pr)

48
Q

Is Hearing Level the same as SPL?

A

No

49
Q

What is Hearing Level?

A

It’s a normative reference and is used for audiological purposes

50
Q

For Hearing Level, since the human ear has different sensitivity at different frequencies, what occurs?

A

The different amounts of pressure (SPL) equate to 0HL @ each frequency

51
Q

Define Threshold

A

It’s the softest level at which a tone can be perceived 50% of the time

52
Q

Define Sensation Level

A

of decibels a sound is above individual threshold

53
Q

What’s the formula for dB SL for finding threshold?

A

db SL = dbHL of presented sound - dB HL threshold

54
Q

Define psychoacoustics

A

It’s the study of relationship between physical stimuli (wavelength, amplitude) and the psychological response to the stimuli

55
Q

When it comes to pitch, what does it deal with?

A

Highness vs Lowness

56
Q

What is the human range of hearing?

A

20-20,000Hz

57
Q

When it comes to loudness, what does it deal with?

A

Soft vs Loud

58
Q

What does loudness relate to?

A

Intensity/Pressure

59
Q

What is the relationship between our ears and frequency?

A

It is not equally sensitive to all frequencies

60
Q

Define localization

A

It’s the ability to tell which direction a sound is coming from

61
Q

For localization to occur, what must it interact with?

A

Our ears, time, & intensity

62
Q

Define reverberation

A

It’s a reflected sound wave and incident sound waves interacting

63
Q

What does reverberation cause?

A

It causes sound to be perceived as coming from a direction other than its source

64
Q

What type of setting does not cause reverberation to occur?

A

Free field & Anechoic Chamber

65
Q

What is another name for a sound wave?

A

Incident wave

66
Q

What occurs once an incident wave is generated?

A
  1. Transmission wave
  2. Absorption wave
  3. Reflection wave
67
Q

What is a transmission wave?

A

A sound wave traveling through air w/o obstruction

68
Q

What is an absorption wave?

A

Energy of sound wave is decreased (damped) due to friction from obstructing materials

69
Q

What is a reflection wave?

A

An energy of a sound wave hits an obstruction and bounces back

70
Q

What type of surface does a reflection wave bounce of?

A

A harder surface

71
Q

What does the reflected sound wave do to our ears?

A

The reflected sound waves reach our ear slightly after the incident wave and this prolongs the sound

72
Q

How can reverberation affect communication?

A

It can cause speech sounds to overlap and blend together

73
Q

What is an echo?

A

A verrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrry long delay when one hears two separate distinct sounds

74
Q

Define impedance

A

It’s a resistance to the transmission of acoustic energy

75
Q

What type of material causes more impedance?

A

Denser material

76
Q

Define masking

A

Two sounds being heard at the same time because of a change in threshold of sound A due to the introduction of sound B

77
Q

Which sound is the masker?

A

Sound B

78
Q

How does sound A become inaudible?

A

By sound B

79
Q

What two types of sound measurements are audiologist interested in?

A
  1. Hearing ability in patients (dB HL)

2. Sound pressure levels in the environment (dB SPL)

80
Q

What is an audiometer?

A

Determines hearing sensitivity and to complete supra threshold testing

81
Q

What does supra mean?

A

Testing above the threshold (aka Sensation Threshold)

82
Q

What does an audiometer generate?

A

Pure tones of different frequencies from 125-12000 Hz

83
Q

What does the audiometer typically test?

A

From 250-8000 Hz

84
Q

On the audiometer, what else can be presented besides a pure tone?

A
  1. Mic/live voice
  2. CD/tape
  3. Noise
  4. Warble/Pulsed tone
85
Q

What are transducers?

A

It’s how sound from the audiometer gets into our ears

86
Q

What are the transducers for Air Conduction?

A
  1. Supra-aural
  2. Circumaural
  3. Inserts
  4. Speakers
87
Q

What is the transducer for Bone Conduction?

A

Bone Conduction oscillator (vibrator)

88
Q

What is a sound level meter?

A

A device measuring what is perceived to the human ear

89
Q

What is the sound-level meter important for?

A

Industrial settings & for background noise in testing situations

90
Q

What is calibration?

A

Establishing the relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure

91
Q

How can a calibration occur?

A
  1. Daily biologic/listening check

2. Yearly calibration

AUDIOLOGY (17 decks)

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