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Anatomy & Physiology > Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

Brings Oxygen to move Carbon Dioxide from the blood so that the heart can pump it out to the rest of the body and to all the cells.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Takes up oxygen for transport in the blood to the cells.
  • Expels carbon dioxide waste from cellular metabolism.
  • Helps regulate acid-base balance through the bicarbonate buffer system.
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3
Q

Respiratory Conducting System

A

Brings air to the respiratory portion.

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4
Q

What are the folds that line the mucous membranes in the nose?

A

Turbinates or Conchae

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5
Q

The mouth is a conducting system to the larynx. What is it’s respiratory function?

A

It moisturizes air.

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6
Q

The nose is a conducting system to the larynx. What is it’s respiratory function?

A

It moisturizes air, warms air, and removes particulate debris.

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7
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.

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8
Q

Oropharynx

A

In the back of the mouth.

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9
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers the trachea during swallowing.

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10
Q

Hypopharynx

A

The lowest part of the pharynx.

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11
Q

Larynx

A

“The Voice Box” it functions only to produce sound.

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12
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsil

A

Lymphatic tissue that provides protection

against infection.

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13
Q

What aids the larynx to form sounds into words, songs, and screams but do not produce sound as such?

A

Lips and Tongue

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14
Q

Where is the Larynx located?

A

At the midline of the neck, halfway between the clavicle and jaw.

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15
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

A U-shaped bone in the neck which supports the tongue.

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16
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

(aka The Adam’s Apple)
The largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.

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17
Q

Vocal Folds

A

(aka vocal cords)
Are folds of tissue in the throat that are key in creating sounds through vocalization.

(Vocal Ligaments, Arytenoid Cartilage, &
Rima Glottidis)

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18
Q

Phonation

A

Making sounds. The production or utterance of speech sounds.

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19
Q

The vocal folds are tensed by what muscles in the voice box?

A

Intrinsic Muscles

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20
Q

Cricothyroid Muscles

A

Move the larynx forward and down, raising the pitch of the voice.

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21
Q

What muscles are controlled by the Laryngeal Nerves?

A

The Vocal Cords and Cricothyroid Muscles.

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22
Q

What happens if paralysis occurs in one or both Laryngeal nerves?

A
  • Paralysis of one nerve leads to hoarse speech.

* Paralysis of both nerves can lead to complete airway obstruction and death.

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23
Q

Arytenoid Cartilage

A

Either of a pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx, used in the production of different kinds of voice quality (for example, creaky voice).

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24
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

The ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.

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25
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Airway gets swollen from viral illness.

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26
Q

Tracheostomy

A

An incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing.

27
Q

Pleura

A

Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.

28
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

The outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.

29
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

The delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung (the lung parenchyma) and dips into the fissures between the lobes.

30
Q

Inferior Pulmonary Ligament

A

A fused triangular-shaped sheet of parietal and visceral pleura that extends from the hilum to the dome of the hemidiaphragm. It extends from the mediastinum to the medial surface of the lower lobe and is extra-parenchymal to the lung.

31
Q

Trachea

A
  • Tubular structure just beneath the larynx.
  • Is made of stacked rings of cartilage with fibrous spaces.
  • It divides the upper chest into the right and left Main Stem Bronchi.
32
Q

Main Stem Bronchi

A

Carry gases to the right and left lungs, then divide into smaller and smaller segmental bronchi.

33
Q

Tracheobronchial Tree

A

The expressions tracheobronchial tree or respiratory tree refer to the structures of bronchi and bronchioles that terminate with the alveolar ducts, sacs, and, finally, alveoli, all of which are contained within the lungs.

34
Q

The bronchioles are divided into three types, each becoming progressively smaller:

What are they?

A
  • Lobular bronchioles (larger lobes).
  • Terminal bronchioles (think terminals for transfer).
  • Respiratory bronchioles (responsible for directing air to the alveoli).
35
Q

Lungs

A
  • The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart.
  • A spongy mass of tissue consisting of millions of microscopic balloons called Alveoli, surrounded by capillaries.
  • Their function is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange.
36
Q

Alveoli / Alveolus

A

Alveoli are tiny balloon shaped structures and are the smallest passageway in the respiratory system. The alveoli are only one cell thick, allowing the relatively easy passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and blood vessels called capillaries.

37
Q

What is the difference between Ventilation and Respiration?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation is simply the movement of air.

Pulmonary Respiration is both the movement of air and the exchange of gases with he blood.

38
Q

Emphysema

A

Breaks down the walls between sacs and reduces the amount of gas that can be exchanged.

39
Q

Bronchial Cilia

A

Microscopic, hair-like cilia move the cleansing mucus up to the pharynx.

40
Q

What parts of the Respiratory system perform Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and their smaller divisions.

41
Q

What parts of Respiratory system perform Pulmonary Respiration?

A

The bronchioles and alveoli.

42
Q

Fill in the blank:

Room air is 80%_____ & 20%_____, with trace gasses.

A

80% Nitrogen

20% Oxygen

43
Q

What is the difference between External and Internal Respiration?

A
  • External Respiration involves the exchange of gases within the lungs, in the blood of the capillaries of the alveoli.
  • Internal Respiration involves the exchange of gases between cells and blood in the capillaries.
44
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Involves metabolic processes within the cell.

45
Q

What are the four areas of Respiration?

A

1) Pulmonary Ventilation
2) External Pulmonary Respiration
3) Internal Respiration
4) Cellular Respiration

46
Q

What is the difference between Pulmonary Inspiration and Expiration?

A

Inspiration is taking air into the lungs; Expiration is pushing air out of the lungs.

47
Q

What happens during Pulmonary Inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and increases the diameter of the thoracic cavity, decreasing the pressure between the lung and the parietal pleura.

48
Q

What happens during Pulmonary Expiration?

A

Relaxation of the diaphragm increases the pressure in the pleural space and expels air from the lungs.

49
Q

Diaphragm

A

A dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

50
Q

Accessory Muscles of Respiration.

A
  • External Intercostal Muscles: connect the ribs and the collarbone, pulling the ribs up during respiration.
  • Sternocleidomastoid Muscles: helps raise the first rib, sternum, and collarbone by pulling against the head.
  • Scalene Muscles: also pull the ribs up against the collarbone.
  • Rectus Muscles and Internal Intercostal Muscles: pull the ribs down, aiding expiration.
  • External Obliques
51
Q

Alveolar-Capillary Exchange

A

The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

52
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

A law stating that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

53
Q

What are some ways suffocation could occur?

A
  • Pulmonary Suffocation: results from closure of the nose, mouth, or throat, by a foreign body. consequence is strangulation.
  • Alveolar Suffocation: results from water in the alveoli of the lungs. (Pneumonia)
  • Tissue Suffocation: results from obstruction of flow in the capillary bed. (Brain or Heart)
  • Cellular Suffocation: results from metabolic poisons, such as cyanide. (No antidote. 2-3 breaths can bring on death. 7sec.)
54
Q

Laryngospasm

A

An over response that causes the vocal cords to close. Cords will go into a spasm.

55
Q

What is the function of Cilia in the Tracheo-Bronchial Tree?

A
  • Cilia in the lining cells of the upper airway beat towards the mouth to remove small foreign material.
56
Q

What are some of the dangers as a result of cilia loss in the Tracheo-Bronchial Tree?

A
  • Creates double the harm to smokers, because secretions cannot be cleared and carcinogens stay in contact with the lining cells.
  • Prone to Lung Cancer
  • A foreign body impacted may be rapidly fatal. (i.e. drowning or vomiting)
57
Q

Medullary Rhythmicity Center of the Respiratory System

A

Establishes the basic normal rhythm of breathing. (12-15 breaths per minute)

58
Q

The Apneustic Area of the Respiratory System.

A

Controls breath holding.

59
Q

Pneumotaxic Areas of the Respiratory System

A

Regulates the brain’s coordination of respiration.

60
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

What types of trauma causes it?

A

Air in the Chest.
It occurs when air comes from outside the chest through a hole in the chest wall, or from inside caused by a hole in the lungs.

Caused by:
Trauma from Guns, knives, automobile accidents, spontaneous pneumothorax, a ruptured bleb, or hyperinflammation of the lung during anesthesia.

61
Q

Emphysema

A

Elastic tissue in the lungs break down.

62
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid in the Lungs.

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: The Heart begins to fail.

63
Q

Bleb

A

An air or fluid filled sac.

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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