Anatomy & Physiology: Gastorintestinal System

Question 1

Digestive Tract

Answer 1

A tube extending from the mouth to the anus.

Question 2

Gastrointestinal Tract

Answer 2

The stomach and intestines

Question 3

Oral Cavity

Answer 3

The first part of the digestive system.

Also know as the Mouth

Question 4

Pharynx

Answer 4

Connects the mouth to the esophagus.

Also known as the Throat

Question 5

Esophagus

Answer 5

A muscular tube about 25cm long which carries food down to the cardiac sphincter of the stomach.

Question 6

Stomach

Answer 6

An enlarged segment of the digestive tract, It secretes acid and enzymes that digests food.

Question 7

Cardiac Sphincter

Answer 7

Opening of the stomach that prevents acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward into the esophagus.

Question 8

Rugae

Answer 8

Folds or ridges within the muscular layer of the stomach.

Question 9

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 9

The exit of the stomach into the small intestines. Connects the stomach to the duodenum.

Question 10

Small Intestine

Answer 10

About 6 meters long and consists of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Question 11

Villi

Answer 11

Finger-like projections within the duodenum.

Question 12

Large Intestines

Answer 12

It’s primary function is to compress the waste and collect any excess water that can be recycled. Consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Question 13

Accessory Organs

Answer 13

Food does not pass through these organs but does contribute to the process of digestion.

Question 14

Liver

Answer 14

Located in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen. It’s main job is to filter blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.

Question 15

Digestion

Answer 15

The breakdown of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 16

Excretion

Answer 16

Bile contains products from the hemoglobin breakdown.

Question 17

Nutrient Storage

Answer 17

The liver removes sugar from the blood and stores fats, vitamins, copper, and iron.

Question 18

Nutrient Conversion

Answer 18

The liver converts some nutrients into others.

i.e. It converts amino acids to lipids or glucose

Question 19

Detoxification of Harmful Chemicals

Answer 19

The liver removes ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea.

Question 20

Synthesis of New Molecules

Answer 20

The liver synthesizes new blood proteins such as albumins and fibrinogens.

Question 21

Pancreas

Answer 21

A complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that play an essential role in converting food into fuel for the body’s cells.

Question 22

Gallbladder

Answer 22

Nestled under the liver, stores concentrated bile.

Question 23

Tongue

Answer 23

Large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity. Manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.

Question 24

Salivary Glands

Answer 24

Glands which produce saliva through a system of ducts.

Question 25

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 25

Breaks down large food particles into smaller ones and is evident as a person’s teeth grind food into smaller pieces.

Question 26

Chemical Digestion

Answer 26

Digestive enzymes break covalent chemical bonds into organic molecules.

Question 27

Absorption

Answer 27

Begins in the stomach, where small, lipid-soluble molecules, such as alcohol and aspirin, can ass through the stomach epithelium into circulation.

Question 28

Carbohydrates

Answer 28

A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues. They contain hydrogen and oxygen and typically can be broken down to release energy in the body.

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

A class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. They do most of the work in cells nd are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

Question 30

Fats and Lipids

Answer 30

Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 31

Amylase

Answer 31

Produced in the mouth ad breaks down carbohydrates.

Question 32

Pepsin

Answer 32

Produced in the stomach and breaks down proteins.

Question 33

Lipase

Answer 33

Produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to break down lipids.

Question 34

Peptidase

Answer 34

Produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine to brown down peptides into amino acids.

Question 35

Sucrase

Answer 35

Produced in the small intestine and breaks down sucrose into glucose.

Question 36

Lactase

Answer 36

Produced in the small intestine and breaks down lactose into glucose.

Question 37

Vomiting

Answer 37

Results primarily from irritation of the stomach and small intestine.

Question 38

Ulcers

Answer 38

Occur from a specific bacterium, Helicobacter Pylori, and can be treated with antibodies.

Question 39

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 39

A condition in which the stomach acids digest the mucus lining of the duodenum.

Question 40

Chyme

Answer 40

Highly acidic, semifluid food mass.

Question 41

Cirrhosis

Answer 41

A disease characterized by damage or death of liver cell, which are replaced by connective tissue.

Question 42

Hepatitis

Answer 42

An inflammation of the liver.

Question 43

Irritable Bowel Disease

Answer 43

General term for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. (incorrect?)

Question 44

Crohn’s Disease

Answer 44

A localized inflammatory degeneration that causes the wall of the small intestine to thicken. This disease causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Question 45

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 45

Limited to the mucosa of the large intestine. The involved mucosa exhibits inflammation, including edema, vascular congestion, and hemorrhaging.

Question 46

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Answer 46

A disorder of the unknown cause in which intestinal mobility is abnormal. Patients exhibit pain in the left lower quadrant, especially after eating, and have alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation.

Question 47

Malabsorption Syndrome

Answer 47

A spectrum of disorders of the small intestine that result in abnormal nutrient absorption.

Question 48

Appendicitis

Answer 48

An inflammation of the appendix that usually occurs because of an obstruction.