Anatomy - Pharynx And Larynx

Question 1

Pharynx localization

Answer 1

• half a tube from skull to C6
• behind nose, mouth, larynx
• mucous membrane, muscle, facia

Question 2

Pharynx openings

Answer 2

• nose: choanae
• mouth: oro-pharynfeal isthmus
• laynx: laryngeal inlet
• ear: auditory tube - equalizes pressure
• oesophagus: pharyngeo-oesophageal junction

Question 3

Pharynx function

Answer 3

• food: pump

- air entry/exit

Question 4

Three parts of the pharynx

Answer 4

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 5

1) nasopharynx

Answer 5

• from nose to soft palate
• contact with air
• lined by superior constictor muscle
• sensory supply: V2

Question 6

2) oropharynx

Answer 6

• from soft palate to epiglottis
• contact with food
• muscles: superior and middle constrictor
• sensory innervation: IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 7

3) laryngopharynx

Answer 7

• from epiglottis to cricoid
• contact with food
• muscle: inferior constrictor
• supplied by X (vagus nerve)

Question 8

Key adjoining pouches of the pharynx

Answer 8

• Vallecula: between tongue/epiglottis/glossoepiglottic folds
• piriform fossa: on the side of larynx - food route

Question 9

Pharynx two types of muslces

Answer 9

• constrictors (outer layer)

- Levators (inner layer)

Question 10

Superior constrictor

Answer 10

• attach from sphenoid (pterygoid plate), mandible, pterygomandibular raphe to pharyngeal raphe
• function: close nose, constrict for bolus

Question 11

Middle constrictors

Answer 11

• fibers more vertical
• attach from hyoid bone to pharyngeal raphe
• function: propel food down into the oesophagus

Question 12

Inferior constrictors

Answer 12

• two parts: thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
• attach from thyroid and cricoid cartilage into pharyngeal raphe
• function: thyropharyngeus propel food and cricopharyngeus constricts for ait

Question 13

Levatator pharyngeal muscles: Palatopharyngeous

Answer 13

• Attach from soft palate to mucous pharynx

- function: raise pharynx

Question 14

Levator pharyngeal muscle: stylopharyngeus

Answer 14

• attach from styloif process to mucous pharynx

- function: raise pharynx

Question 15

Pharyngeal levator muscles: salpingopharyngeus

Answer 15

• attach from auditory tube to muscous pharynx

- function: raise pharynx and open auditory tube

Question 16

Nerve supply to pharynx

Answer 16

1) Sensory
- nasopharynx: V2
- Oropharynx: IX
- laryngopharynx: X

2) Motor
- all supplied by X except for stylopharyngeus

Question 17

Pharynx: swallowing series of step

Answer 17

• deglutition: from mouth to pharynx and into oesophagus
• controlled by brainstem: touch receptor trigger

1) voluntary stage
- teeth/mouth: chew + mash
- tongue/mouth: raise and make bolus move to back of mouth

2) Non-voluntary stage
- soft palate/pharynx/larynx raised, pharynx constrict
- pharynx propulsion (via middle constrictors), larynx closed, pharynx relax

Question 18

Clinical issues of pharynx

Answer 18

• Gag reflex (IX, X): prevents abnormal entry and brainstem circuitry test
• dysphagia (X): trouble swallowing, food misdirection

Question 19

Larynx characteristics

Answer 19

• very mobile
• C3-C6, continuous with trachea and pharynx
• function: air passage to lungs and organ of voice (vocal folds come together)

Question 20

Important cartilages of the the larynx + function

Answer 20

• epiglottis: closes laryngeal inlet
• thyroid pritects nasal fold - forms addam apple
• cricoid: voice production
• arytenoid: voice formation, sits on top of cricoid cartilage

Question 21

Laryngeal cavities: 1) vestibular fold

Answer 21

• false, upper
• soft epithelium - columnar
• vestibular ligament forms fold
• fixed
• pink
• space between it is rima vestibuli
• functionprotection, screeming

Question 22

Laryngeal cavities: 2) vocal folds

Answer 22

• lower bump
• true
• tough, squamous epithelium
• vocal ligament, vocalis muscle, arytenoid cartilage
• moves, white
• space = rima glottidis
• phonation

Question 23

Larynx muscles

Answer 23

• aryepiglotticus: sphincter around epiglottis helps close laryngeal cavity during food eating
• posterior cricoarytenoidues: abduction of vocal folds. Pulls arythenoid to aid respiration
• lateral cricoarytenoidus: adduction - pulls arytenoid clock wise - pull vocal folds together - phonated position
• thyroarytenoideus: relax - deep voice - shorten vocal cords
• ## cricothryoideus - high voice - tenses vocal cords and lengthens them

Question 24

Larynx phonation

Answer 24

• vocal fold: sphincter, vibrator
• phonation depends on fold : shapre (sound) and length (pitch)
• forced respiration: posterior cricoarytenoideus abducts vocal folds
• phonation: lateral cricoaytenoideus adducts focal folds
• long, tight, thinL cricothyroideus - high pitch
• short, loose, fat : thyroarutenoideus

Question 25

Larynx

• voice articulation
• Nerve supply

Answer 25

Voice articulation

• palate (X)
• tongue (XII)
• Lips (VII)

Nerve supply

• Superior (SLX): sensory (VF and above), motor (Cth)
• Recurrent (RLX): sensory (below VF), motor (all other laryngeal muscles