Anatomy - Pharynx And Larynx Flashcards
Pharynx localization
- half a tube from skull to C6
- behind nose, mouth, larynx
- mucous membrane, muscle, facia
Pharynx openings
- nose: choanae
- mouth: oro-pharynfeal isthmus
- laynx: laryngeal inlet
- ear: auditory tube - equalizes pressure
- oesophagus: pharyngeo-oesophageal junction
Pharynx function
- food: pump
- air entry/exit
Three parts of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
1) nasopharynx
- from nose to soft palate
- contact with air
- lined by superior constictor muscle
- sensory supply: V2
2) oropharynx
- from soft palate to epiglottis
- contact with food
- muscles: superior and middle constrictor
- sensory innervation: IX (glossopharyngeal)
3) laryngopharynx
- from epiglottis to cricoid
- contact with food
- muscle: inferior constrictor
- supplied by X (vagus nerve)
Key adjoining pouches of the pharynx
- Vallecula: between tongue/epiglottis/glossoepiglottic folds
- piriform fossa: on the side of larynx - food route
Pharynx two types of muslces
- constrictors (outer layer)
- Levators (inner layer)
Superior constrictor
- attach from sphenoid (pterygoid plate), mandible, pterygomandibular raphe to pharyngeal raphe
- function: close nose, constrict for bolus
Middle constrictors
- fibers more vertical
- attach from hyoid bone to pharyngeal raphe
- function: propel food down into the oesophagus
Inferior constrictors
- two parts: thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
- attach from thyroid and cricoid cartilage into pharyngeal raphe
- function: thyropharyngeus propel food and cricopharyngeus constricts for ait
Levatator pharyngeal muscles: Palatopharyngeous
- Attach from soft palate to mucous pharynx
- function: raise pharynx
Levator pharyngeal muscle: stylopharyngeus
- attach from styloif process to mucous pharynx
- function: raise pharynx
Pharyngeal levator muscles: salpingopharyngeus
- attach from auditory tube to muscous pharynx
- function: raise pharynx and open auditory tube
Nerve supply to pharynx
1) Sensory
- nasopharynx: V2
- Oropharynx: IX
- laryngopharynx: X
2) Motor
- all supplied by X except for stylopharyngeus
Pharynx: swallowing series of step
- deglutition: from mouth to pharynx and into oesophagus
- controlled by brainstem: touch receptor trigger
1) voluntary stage
- teeth/mouth: chew + mash
- tongue/mouth: raise and make bolus move to back of mouth
2) Non-voluntary stage
- soft palate/pharynx/larynx raised, pharynx constrict
- pharynx propulsion (via middle constrictors), larynx closed, pharynx relax
Clinical issues of pharynx
- Gag reflex (IX, X): prevents abnormal entry and brainstem circuitry test
- dysphagia (X): trouble swallowing, food misdirection
Larynx characteristics
- very mobile
- C3-C6, continuous with trachea and pharynx
- function: air passage to lungs and organ of voice (vocal folds come together)
Important cartilages of the the larynx + function
- epiglottis: closes laryngeal inlet
- thyroid pritects nasal fold - forms addam apple
- cricoid: voice production
- arytenoid: voice formation, sits on top of cricoid cartilage
Laryngeal cavities: 1) vestibular fold
- false, upper
- soft epithelium - columnar
- vestibular ligament forms fold
- fixed
- pink
- space between it is rima vestibuli
- functionprotection, screeming
Laryngeal cavities: 2) vocal folds
- lower bump
- true
- tough, squamous epithelium
- vocal ligament, vocalis muscle, arytenoid cartilage
- moves, white
- space = rima glottidis
- phonation
Larynx muscles
- aryepiglotticus: sphincter around epiglottis helps close laryngeal cavity during food eating
- posterior cricoarytenoidues: abduction of vocal folds. Pulls arythenoid to aid respiration
- lateral cricoarytenoidus: adduction - pulls arytenoid clock wise - pull vocal folds together - phonated position
- thyroarytenoideus: relax - deep voice - shorten vocal cords
- ## cricothryoideus - high voice - tenses vocal cords and lengthens them
Larynx phonation
- vocal fold: sphincter, vibrator
- phonation depends on fold : shapre (sound) and length (pitch)
- forced respiration: posterior cricoarytenoideus abducts vocal folds
- phonation: lateral cricoaytenoideus adducts focal folds
- long, tight, thinL cricothyroideus - high pitch
- short, loose, fat : thyroarutenoideus
Larynx
- voice articulation
- Nerve supply
Voice articulation
- palate (X)
- tongue (XII)
- Lips (VII)
Nerve supply
- Superior (SLX): sensory (VF and above), motor (Cth)
- Recurrent (RLX): sensory (below VF), motor (all other laryngeal muscles
