Anatomy of the Palate and Pharynx Flashcards
What makes up the oral vestibule?
between the lips and teeth
What vertebral line can the hyoid bone be found?
C3 - in line with the base of the mandible
What is the opening for the submandibular glands?
sublingual caruncle
What happens if you have a long frenulum?
tongue sticks out a lot
What are the 2 muscles of the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
What innervates the mylohyoid?
CN V3 - muscle runs diagonally
What innervates the geniohyoid?
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
- banded muscle
How many ml is secreted a day by the salivary glands?
500-750ml
How does the parotid gland secrete saliva?
through the 2nd upper molar
How does the submandibular gland secrete saliva?
via the lingual caruncle
How does the sublingual gland secrete saliva?
several ducts that are superior to it
What innervates the sublingual and submandibular glands?
CN VII - lingual nerve branch (of chorda tympani and CN V3)
What innervates the parotid gland?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What part of the tongue is not in the oral cavity?
posterior 1/3rd
What supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CN IX
What supplies general sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CN V3
What supplies teaste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CN VII - chorda tympani
What is the sulcus terminalis?
line on the tongue
Where does the thyroid originate in development?
pharynx
Where does the thyroid decend down after originating in the pharynx?
foramen caecum
What are the 4 muscles of the tongue?
palatoglossus
genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
What muscle of the tongue is supplied by CN X?
palatoglossus
What are the tongue muscles (apart from the palatoglossus) supplied by?
CN XII - hypoglossal
What is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
change the postition of the tongue when swallowing, during mastication and speech - FUNCTION
What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
modify the shape of the tongue during its function
How does the hypoglossal CN XII exit the brain?
connects to the medulla oblongata
exits brain through the hypoglossal canal in the anterior wall of the foramen magnum - in the ocipital bone
decends down the neck lateral to the carotid sheath
gets to C3 - hyoid bone level and passes anteriorly towards the tongue
How is the hypoglossal CN XII tested?
patient sticks tongue out - tongue should be in midline
tongue will point towards the damaged side if not normal
What is the blood supply to the tongue? Where does it come from?
lingual artery
comes off the external carotid
Where do arteries pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
medially
Where do nerves pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
laterally
What is the histology of the hard palate? front bit
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
What is the histology of the soft palate? back bit
non keratinised squamous epithelium
What are the folds on the top of the mouth called?
rugae
What is the role of the greater and lesser palatine foramina?
allow the branches of CN V2 and maxillary artery through
What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)?
CN X - vagus
What is the tensor veli palatini innervated by?
CN V3
What is the role of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses the palatine aponeurosis
moves the flap
What is the role of the levator veli palatini?
lifts the palatine aponeurosis
What is the role of the mosculus uvulae?
shortens the uvula
What is the role of the palatoglossus?
brings the tongue and soft palate together
What is the role of the palatopharyngeus?
lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage
pulls palate down
extends from the palatine aponeurosis
What is the function of the soft palate?
a trap door to stop food from entering the nose during swallowing
directs air into the nose or mouth during speech, sneezing and vomiting
helps to close of entrance to the oropharynx
How is the vagus nerve tested?
patient says Ahhh
uvula should be central
if there is a problem the uvula will move away from the damaged side
What are the muscles of the outer circular layer of the pharynx? What is their role?
3 constrictor muscles
pushes food bolus inferiorly towards the oesophagus
What are the muscles of the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx? What is their role?
3 paired vertical muscles
contracts and pulls the larynx superiorly shortening the pharynx during swallowing
What makes up the superior muscles of the outer circular layer?
pterygoid hamrus
pterygomandibular raph
mylohyoid line
What makes up the middle muscles of the outer circular layer?
greater horn of the hyoid
What makes up the inferior muscles of the outer circular layer?
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
What are all of the muscles in the outer circular layer innervated by?
CN X via the pharyngeal plexus
What is the role of the gaps between the outer circular layer muscles?
allow the lingual artery, CN IX and the stylopharyngeus muscle through the mouth
What muscles make up the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
What are the features of the stylopharyngeus?
passes through the gateway to the mouth with the glossopharyngeal nerve
supplied by CN IX - glossopharyngeal
comes from the styloid process
What longitudinal muscles are supplied by CN X?
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
What is the torus tubaris?
opening of the Eustachian tube
What comprises Waldeyers Tonsillar Ring?
pharyngeal tonsil
tubal tonsil
palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil
What drains the palatine tonsil?
jugulo-digastric node
