Anatomy Of The Nervous System Flashcards
Unmyelinated region with mainly cell bodies and dendrites
Gray matter
Collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Nucleus
Myelinated regions with mostly axons
Also called the tract
White matter
Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglion
Bundle of axons
Nerve
Is a cluster of unmyelinated tissue in the brain
Nucleus
What protects the brain
Cranium
What protects the spinal cord
Vertebral column
What protects both the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
What are the layers of meninges from superficial to deep
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
Thick and collagen rich
Separates in two layers in certain locations
Dura matter
Encases brain spinal cord and CSF
Arachnoid matter
Is tightly adhered to the surface of the brain
Pia matter
3 meningeal spaces
Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
This meningeal space contains CSF
Subarachnoid space
Are thin walled veins located between layers of dura matter Wich collects venous blood from the brain to the heart
Dural venous sinuses
What are the 5 dural venous sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Occipital sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinuses
Dura matter folds to separate and stabilize brain within the cranial cavity
Cranial dural septa
What are the 4 cranial dural septa
Falx cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae
Separates right and left sides of the brain
Falx cerebri
Forms roof over cerebellum
Tentorium Cerebelli
Separates 2 half’s of cerebellum
Falx Cerebelli
Forms roof over sella turcica
Diaphragma sellae
Covers entire surface of entire nerve
Epineurium
Covers fascicles
Perineurium
Bundles of axon
Fascicles
Covers individual Neurons
Endoneurium
Derived from blood
Produced by ependymal cells in the ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid
Tangle of capillaries that are surrounded by a lining of ependymal cells
Choroid plexus
Where is the CSF produced
Ventricles
What are the functions of CSF
Delivers some nutrients
Carries away some wastes
Provides cushioning and protection to brains and spinal cord
What absorbs excess CSF and returns it to your blood
Arachnoid membrane
Primary delivery system of nutrients
Blood
This forms under posterior of embryo
Neural tube
Surrounds the neural tube
Neural crest
Becomes the brain eyes and spinal cord
Neural tube
Becomes the peripheral nerves
Neural crest
What does the neural tube form during the first stages of development
Primary vesicles called
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
When primary vesicles become five secondary vesicles what does these primary vesicles become
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Forebrain-telencephalon,diancephalon
Midbrain- mesencephalon
Hindbrain-metencephalon myelencephalon
Becomes the cerebrum of the brain
Telencephalon
Becomes the retina of the eyes, thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Becomes the midbrain
Mesencephalon
Becomes the pons and cerebellum
Metencephalon
Becomes the medulla oblongata
Myelencephalon
Controls conscious experiences
Regulates homeostasis
Controls muscle movement
The brain
What are the 4 major regions of the brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Makes up most of the mass of the brain
Is divided Into left and Right hemispheres by a longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum
Folds on the brain
Gyri/gyrus
Grooves between folds
Sulci/sulcus
Deep grooves
Fissures
White matter tract that bridges the cerebral hemispheres and allows communication between the two hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Responsible for memory emotion language and consciousness
Cerebral cortex
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebellum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula
Separates temporal lobe from other regions
Lateral sulcus
Separates parietal lobe from frontal lobe
Central sulcus
Occupies anterior cerebral cortex
Involved in decision making and higher order cognitive behavior
Frontal lobe
Is involved in personality short term memory and consciousness
Prefrontal lobe
Located posterior to the central sulcus
Primarily involved in body sensations
Left and right parietal lobe
Involved in the lateral/inferior Regions of the brain
Involved with hearing and smelling
Left and right temporal lobes
Located posterior of cerebrum
Processes visual information
Responsible for visual memories
Occipital lobes
Receive input or control output
Primary areas
Link sensory information to memories
Association areas
Is the primary motor cortex
Moves skeletal muscles
Premotor area helps movement
Precentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
Processes sensation from skin and proprioception
Postcentral gyrus
Primary gustatory and gustatory association areas
Insula
Language and speech
Mainly located on the left side of the cerebrum
Plans movement and regulars breathing for speech
Brocas area
Recognition and understanding writing or speech
Wernicke’s area
Involves prefrontal cortex
One of the last areas to mature
Intellect and personality
Relays information to primary
Somatosensory area where it is interpreted as pain
Thalamus
Deep to gray matter of cerebral cortex
White matter tracts
Connects area within the same hemisphere
Association tracts
Connect between hemispheres
Commissural tracts
Extends into the spinal cord
Projection tracts
Connect within same lobe
Arcuate fibers
Connect between lobes within the same hemisphere
Longitudinal fasciculi
Helps control intensity of muscle movements
Basal Nuclei
Involved in long term memory and emotional response
Hippocampus and amygdala
Connects cerebrum to the rest of the nervous system
Diencephalon
Regions of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Collection of nuclei
Major sensory integration and processing area
Involved in processing all sensations expect smell (olfaction)
Thalamus
Collection of nuclei involved in regulating homeostasis
Regulatory center for autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
3 regions of brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Visible as bulge on anterior brain stem
Pons
Most inferior structure of the brain
Medulla oblongata
Outer gray matter cortex and inner white matter tracts
Cerebellum
Regulates wakefulness and sleep
Reticular formation
What forms the reticular formation
Gray matter in brain stem, diencephalon and spinal cord
Are structures that collectively proccess information
Limbic system
Involved in memory formation and navigation
Hippocampus
proccesses fear response
Amygdala
Divided Into regions that correspond to the vertebral column
Spinal cord
Gray matter of spinal cord that resemble the letter H
Gray horns
White matter of spinal cord arranged into columns
White columns
Attach directly to brain
12 pairs in total
Motor, sensory or both
Cranial nerves
Attached to the spinal cord
31 pairs in total
Mixture of sensory and motor
Spinal nerves
What are the 4 plexuses
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
Wich region does not form plexuses
Thoracic