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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy of the GI Part 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the GI Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A

Superiorly - diaphragm
Inferiorly - pelvic floor muscles
Anteriorly - abdominal wall muscles
Posteriorly - lumbar vertebral column

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2
Q

What is an omenta?

A

A double fold passing from the stomach and duodenum to other organs or the body wall

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3
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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4
Q

What are the two sacs of the peritoneum?

A

The greater and lesser sacs

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5
Q

What connects the greater and lesser sacs?

A

The epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow

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6
Q

What are the constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical - Pharyngo-oesophageal (15cm from incisors)
Thoracic - Broncho-aortic (22.5&27.5 cm from incisors)
Diaphramatic - where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus (40cm from incisors)

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7
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

To control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

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8
Q

What 3 structures make up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein and Bile Duct

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9
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the liver?

A

The liver lies deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side

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10
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

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11
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

The gallbladder

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12
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Along the transpyloric plane (L1/L2)

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13
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery, hepatic artery and splenic artery

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14
Q

What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The abdominal aorta at L1

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15
Q

What are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal and Ileal arteries

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16
Q

What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Anterior branch of the abdominal aorta at L3

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17
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

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18
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3 & S4)

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19
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

A

Abdominopelvic splancnic nerves:

  • Greater (T5-9)
  • Lesser (T10-11)
  • Least (T12)

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and abdominal aortic plexus

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20
Q

What is the function of the portal vein?

A

It collects poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich blood from the abdominal part of the GI tract (including the spleen and pancreas) and carries it to the liver

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21
Q

What veins form the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins

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22
Q

What is the location of the portal vein?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas (L2)

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23
Q

What are the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Anorectal, gastrooesophageal junctions and umbilicus

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24
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Left Upper/Lower and Right Upper/Lower

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25
Q

What lines divide the abdomen into the four quadrants?

A

Transumbilical and median line

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26
Q

What are the lines that divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

Right/Left midclavicular, transpyloric and transtubercular

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27
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right hypochondrium?

A

Liver, gallbladder, R. kidney and small intestine

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28
Q

What organs and structures are found in the epigastric?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen and adrenal gland

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29
Q

What organs and structures are found in the left hypochondriac?

A

Spleen, colon, L. kidney and pancreas

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30
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right lumbar region?

A

Gall bladder, liver and ascending colon

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31
Q

What organs and structures are found in the umbilical region?

A

Umbilicus, jejunum. ileum, duodenum, IVC and abdominal aorta

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32
Q

What organs and structures are found in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon and left kidney

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33
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right iliac fossa/inguinal region?

A

Caecum, appendix and ascending colon

34
Q

What organs and structures are found in the hypogastric/suprapubic?

A

Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon and female reproductive organs

35
Q

What are the organs and structures found in the left iliac fossa/inguinal region?

A

Descending colon and sigmoid colon

36
Q

What are the actions of the external oblique muscle?

A

Rotation of the trunk and supporting the abdominal organs

37
Q

What are the actions of the internal oblique muscle?

A

Supporting the abdominal wall and forced expiration

38
Q

What are the actions of the transversus abdominus muscle?

A

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic stability

39
Q

What the rectus sheath?

A

An aponeurosis

40
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A thin flat tendon

41
Q

How does the rectus abdominus differ above and below the umbilicus?

A

Above - has 2 layers (anterior & posterior)

Below - has 1 layer (anterior)

42
Q

At what vertebral level is the position of the umbilicus?

43
Q

Which thoracic spinal nerve segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Ventral rami of T6-12

44
Q

Which dermatome supplies the umbilicus?

45
Q

The inguinal ligament is attached to which bony points of the hip bones?

A

Pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine

46
Q

What structure makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of the external obllique

47
Q

What structure makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis Fascia

48
Q

What structures make up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominus

49
Q

What structure makes up the floor of the inguinal canal/

A

Inguinal ligament

50
Q

What is the relationship of deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral & superior

51
Q

Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Immediately superior

52
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

Spermatic cord, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and blood/lymphatic vessels

53
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

Round ligament, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and blood/lymphatic vessels

54
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and visceral

55
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

56
Q

What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater and lesser sacs

57
Q

Through which passage do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?

A

Foramen of Winslow/Epiploic foramen

58
Q

Where is the epiploic foramen located?

A

Behind the stomach

Anteriorly bounded by the portal triad

59
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas, duodenum, kidneys and colon (ascending and descending)

60
Q

Which organs are intraperitoneal?

A

Spleen, stomach, liver, colon (tranverse and sigmoid), ilium and jejunum

61
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

62
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?

A

Parietal peritoneum

63
Q

What are the three major openings in the diaphragm?

A

Caval opening, oesophageal hiatus and aortic hiatus

64
Q

At what vertebral levels are the openings in the diaphragm?

A

T8, T10 and T12

65
Q

What are the three major branches of the abdominal aorta which supplies blood to the gut tube?

A

Coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

66
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?

67
Q

At what vertebral levels do the main arteries that supply the gut tube arise?

A

T12, L1 and L3

68
Q

What structures are part of the foregut?

A

Oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and duodenum

69
Q

What structures are part of the midgut?

A

Jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and right 2/3 of the transverse colon

70
Q

What structures are part of the hindgut?

A

Left 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of the anal canal

71
Q

What two veins form the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

72
Q

What are the four sites of portocaval anastomosis?

A

In the distal oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal, anorectal junction and umbilicus

73
Q

What effect do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on gastric secretion and peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetic - increases secretion

Sympathetic - Inhibits gastric secretion

74
Q

What effect do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on the blood vessels in the gut?

A

Parasympathetic - vasodilation

Sympathetic - vasoconstriction

75
Q

What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

To reduce gastric secretion

76
Q

What is vagotomy?

A

Surgery to cut one or more branches of the vagus nerve - usually to reduce the release of gastric acid in the stomach

77
Q

What is the location of the adrenal gland and what type of gland is it?

A

Directly on top of the kidneys - endocrine gland

78
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

79
Q

What are the three constrictions of the ureter?

A

Pelviureteric junction, common iliac bifurcation and vesicaureteric junction (as the ureter enters the bladder wall)

80
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney?

A

Pelvis of the ureter, renal vein and renal artery

Gastrointestinal (23 decks)

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