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Digestive System > Anatomy - Oesophagus , Stomach & Small Intestines > Flashcards

Anatomy - Oesophagus , Stomach & Small Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the abdominal oesophagus?

A

1-2 cm

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2
Q

At what structure does the oesophagus enter the stomach?

A

Cardiac Orifice - T11

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3
Q

Where does the Cervical Part of the oesophagus extend from?

A

From the Pharyngo-oesophageal junction to the substernal notch.

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4
Q

Where does the Thoracic part of the oesophagus extend from?

A

From the Suprasternal notch to the diaphragmatic hiatus

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5
Q

Where does the Abdominal part of the oesophagus extend from?

A

From the diaphragmatic hiatus to cardiac orifice of the stomach

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6
Q

What are the names of the two oesophageal sphincters?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter - Cricopharyngeous muscle

Lower oesophageal spincter

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7
Q

What is Zenker’s Diverticulum and what is its relation to the oesophagus?

A

This is an oesophageal diverticulum (aka pharyngeal pouch ) above the esophageal sphincter at Killian dehiscence , the region between the cricopharyngeus and the lower inferior constrictor muscles ( weakened area) . During swallowing it may trap food causing regurgitation, dysphagia, and halitosis

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8
Q

In what regions of the abdominal wall does the stomach lie?

A

Epigastric region, Left Hypochondric region and Umbilical region

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9
Q

What is the name of the opening in which the stomach communicates with the duodenum of the small intestines?

A

Pyloric Orifice - L1

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9
Q

True or False? The Angular notch is found in the Greater curvature while the Cardiac notch is found in the Lesser curvature?

A

FALSE!! The Angular notch is found in the Lesser curvature while the Cardiac Notch is found in the Greater curvature.

” less angle “
“the cardiac heart is great “

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10
Q

Where is the gastro-oesophageal junction located?

A

2.5 cm to the left of the midline at the level of T10/T11 vertebrae behind the seventh left costal cartilag

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11
Q

How long is the stomach away from the incisor teeth ?

A

40 cm -
Leduinqui says 44

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12
Q

In what area of the diaphragm is the fundus of the stomach in communication with?

A

Left dome of the diaphragm

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13
Q

Where does the Pyloric canal lie?

A

On the head and neck of the pancreas

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks. The pyloric sphincter position is indicated on the anterior surface by the ________.

A

Prepyloric vein (of Mayo).

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15
Q

What is the blood supply of the stomach?

A

Branches from the coeliac trunk

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16
Q

What is the name of the notch found on the Greater curvature of the Stomach?

A

Sulcus Intermedius

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17
Q

What are the branches of the Coeliac Trunk?

A

Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Atery
Common Hepatic Artery

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18
Q

What is the Most common site for Peptic ulcers?

A

On the lesser curvature on the stomach or the Duodenum.

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19
Q

What is the most common site for Gastric ulcers to develop on ?

A

They develop on the Lesser Curvature at the Angular Notch

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20
Q

What section of the Stomach contains parietal cells and what substances do they produce?

A

Fondus and the body of the stomach .They produce H+ ions and Cl- ions ( for Hcl ) and Intrinsic factor.

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21
Q

In what section of the stomach are G- cells located and what substances do they produce?

A

They are in the Pyloric Antrum and they produce Gastrin

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22
Q

Which other specific type cells are also found in the Pyloric Antrum and what substances do they produce?

A

D- Cells - They produce a hormone called Somatostatin

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23
Q

What are the boundaries for the epiploic foramen ( Foramen of Winslow / Aditus) ?

A

Upper boundary - Caudate process of liver
Lower boundary- First part of duodenum
Posterior boundary - Inferior Vena Cava
Anterior boundary - Right free margin of the lesser omentum.

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24
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum?

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

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25
Q

What is the venous drainage for the duodenum?

A

Superior Mesenteric Vein

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26
Q

What is the innervation of the small intestines?

A

Superior Mesenteric Plexus

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27
Q

True or False? The first part of the duodenum is Retroperoteneal while the second and third parts are Intraperetoneal.

A

FALSE!! First part is Intraperetoneal

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28
Q

Where is the major duodenal papilla located?

A

In the Second part of the duodenum

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29
Q

What structures drain through the major duodenal papilla?

A

Common Bile Duct
and Major pancreatic duct
(Hepatopancreatic Ampulla of Vater)

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30
Q

Where does the duodenum extend from?

A

From the Pylorus to the Duodenojejunal flexure ( DJ flexure)

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31
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches long ( 25 cm)

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32
Q

How long is the first part (superior) of the duodenum?

A

5 cm ( 2 inches)

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33
Q

How long is the descending ( second) part of the duodenum?

A

7.5cm ( 3 inches)

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34
Q

How long is the Horizontal ( third ) part of the duodenum ?

A

10 cm ( 4 inches)

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35
Q

How long is the Ascending (fourth) part of the duodenum?

A

2.5 cm ( 1 inch)

36
Q

How far is the major duodenal papilla located from the pylorus?

A

8-10 cm

37
Q

What structure drain through the minor duodenal papilla?

A

Minor/ Accessory pancreatic duct.

38
Q

How far is the Minor duodenal papilla away from the major duodenal papilla?

A

2 cm

39
Q

What are the names of the circular folds found in the duodenum?

A

Plicae circulares ( valves of Kerckring)
Valvulae conniventes

40
Q

Where is the duodenojejunal junction located?

A

2.5 cm to the right of the median plane and a little below the transpyloric plane

41
Q

Where is the duodenum located?

A

In the abdominal cavity above the umbilicus opposite to L1, L2 and L3 vertebrate.

42
Q

Where does the upper & lower half of the second part of the duodenum develop from?

A

Upper half - Foregut
Lower half- Midgut

43
Q

What is the name of the semilunar fold of mucous membrane found above the major duodenal papilla?

A

Arch of plica semilunaris (Monks hood)

44
Q

What type of muscle fibres are found in the Ligament of Treitz?

A

Upper part- Striated muscle fibres
Middle part- Elastic fibres
Lower part- Non-striated fibres

45
Q

What is the function of the Ligament of Treitz?

A

It suspends the duodenojejunal flexure from the right crus of the diaphragm .

46
Q

Which duodenal recess is the largest recess but is rarely present?

A

Retroduodenal recess

47
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum?

A

-Superior pacreaticoduodenal artery ( branch of gastroduodenal artery)
- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery ( branch of superior mesenteric artery )
- Supreadudodenal artery of Wilkie ( branch of gasproduodenal artery)
- Retroduodenal branches of gasproduodenal artery .

48
Q

Where are duodenal ulcers mostly found?

A

In the first part of the duodenum

49
Q

Which part of the duodenum is most protected from injury?

A

Second part of duodenum

50
Q

True or False? Peyer’s patches( aggregated lymphoid follicles) are found only in the jejunum.

A

FALSE!! They are found in the ILEUM/

51
Q

What is the total surface area of mucosa of the small intestines?

A

About 200m2

52
Q

What is the length of the small intestines?

A

18 ft

53
Q

What structures are found at the base of the villi in the Jejunum and Ileum?

A

Intestinal Glands ( Crypts of Lieberkuhn)- they secrete digestive enzymes and mucous

54
Q

What is the submucosa of the jejunum and ileum made of and what is its innervation

A

It is made of loose areolar tissue &
Meissner’s plexus

55
Q

What structure is found between the two muscle layers ( outer longitudinal and inner circular ) of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

56
Q

What is the name of the sphincter that surrounds the major duodenal papilla?

A

Sphincter of Odi

57
Q

What is the name of the procedure that is used to mobilise the duodenum?

A

Kocher procedure

58
Q

What is the name of the structure that should an incision should be placed when trying to dissect the peritoneum near duodenum?

A

White line of Toldts

59
Q

From what structure is the ligament of Trietz a remnant of ?

A

Dorsal Mesentery

60
Q

What type of Diverticulum is a Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

True Diverticulum

61
Q

What type of Diverticulum is Zenker’s diverticulum?

A

True diverticulum

62
Q

What type of epithelium lines Serosa?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

63
Q

Where is the Jejunum and Ileum found?

A

They lie in the free margin of the mesentery

64
Q

What type of diverticulum is Meckel’s diverticulum ?

A

True diverticulum

65
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum a remnant of?

A

The vitelline duct

66
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum ?

A

It is an out pouching of the lower part of the small intestines. It is commonly remembered by the rule of 2: found in 2% of the population, usually occurs within 2 feet of the ileocecal valve( from caecum) , 2 inches in length, containing two types of ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic), and with 2% of those affected becoming symptomatic, usually before 2 years of age.

67
Q

What is the blood supply of the Jejunum and Ileum?

A

Jejunal and ileal branches arise from the left side of the superior mesenteric artery and enter the mes- entery by passing between the two layers of the root.

68
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The jejunal branches join each other in a series of anastomosing loops to form _____.

A

Arterial arcades

69
Q

How are the arcades differentiated in the ileum and jejunum ?

A

Arcades in Jejunum - longer and narrow windows

Arcades in Ileum - shorter (3-5) and wider windows

70
Q

What is the lamp drainage for the Jejunum and Ileum?

A

Jejunal and ileal lymph drains to superior mesenteric nodes via mural and intermediate nodes in the mesentery.

71
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the Jejunum and Ileum?

A

Sympathetic- The lateral horn cells of spinal segments T9 and 10.

72
Q

The lesser ommentum derives from what structure?

A

Ventral Mesagustrum

73
Q

What is the name of the connection between the coeliac artery snd the superior mesenteric artery ?

A

Arc of Buhler

74
Q

At what level is the Superior Mesenteric artery located?

A

At the lower border or L1 of the transpyloric plane approximately 1 cm below the celiac trunk

75
Q

What are the branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery ?

A

Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal arteries
Ileal arteries
Ileocolic artery
Right Colic artery
Middle Colic artery

76
Q

Where is the Ileocecal junction located?

A

Transtubercular plane (L5) at the right mid-clavicular line

77
Q

What ligaments are apart of the Lesser momentum ?

A

Hepato- duodenal ligament
Hepato- gastric ligament

78
Q

What type of diverticulum is Zenker’s diverticulum?

A

False diverticulum

79
Q

What type of muscle is presented in the upper third of the oesophagus?

A

Striated muscle

80
Q

What type of muscle is presented in the middle third or the oesophagus ?

A

Mixed- Striated & smooth muscle

81
Q

What type of muscle is presented in the Lower third of the oesophagus ?

A

Smooth muscle

82
Q

What is the first brach of the abdominal aorta ?

A

Inferior Phrenic artery

83
Q

What is known as the organ of Zuckerkandl?

A

A paraganglia

84
Q

What is a paraganglia?

A

These are functional neural crest cells at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery in a foetus and these usually regress at birth but may persist and a phaeochromocytoma can develop here.

85
Q

True or False? The pineal gland is apart of epithalamus.

A

TRUE!!

86
Q

What are the superior relations of the Pineal gland?

A
  • The splenium of corpus callosum(CC) superior

*Great vein of Galen

87
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus at H will be also involved with the pineal gland in modulating sleep/wake patterns?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

88
Q
A

Digestive System (16 decks)

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