Anatomy Flashcards
What are the major salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Where are minor salivary glands located?
They are located at the tongue, palatine tonsils,palate , lips and cheeks.
What is the largest salivary gland in the human body and what is it’s average weight?
Parotid Gland - 25 gm
Fill in the blanks. “ In the Parotid Capsule , the superficial lamina is _____ while the deep lamina is ______.”
Superficial lamina is Thick “ Super thicccc”
Deep lamina is Thin
What structures are the deep lamina of the parotid capsule attached to?
The styloid process, mandible and tympanic plate
What are the four surfaces of the Parotid gland?
Superior
Superficial
Anteromedial
Posteromedial
On what surface of the Parotid Gland contains branches of the great auricular nerve, superficial parotid nerve and posterior fibres of the Platysma?
Superficial surface
What nerve is found in the Superior surface of the Parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve
What are the structures found in the Parotid Gland?
Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Retromandibular Vein
Facial nerve
Terminal branches of the ECA- superficial temporal and maxillary artery.
How long is the Parotid Duct?
5 cm
What structures do the Parotid duct pierce at the anterior border of the masseter?
Buccal pad fat
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Buccinator muscle
” 3 bad bitches”
Damage to the Auriculotemporal nerve will cause what ?
Frey’s syndrome
True or False? The Parotid Duct opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite of the second lower molar tooth.
FALSE!! It opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite of the second UPPER molar tooth .
Which border of the Parotid Glands separates the anteromedial surface from the superficial surface?
Anterior border
What surfaces are separated by the posterior border of the Parotid Gland?
It separate the superficial surface from the posteromedial surface.
Which border of the Parotid gland separates the medial surface from the posterior surface?
Medial border
What structure emerge from the Anterior border of the Parotid Gland?
The Parotid duct, The Terminal Branches of the facial nerve and the transverse facial vessel
What is the lymphatic supply of the Parotid Gland?
Upper deep cervical nodes via parotid nodes.
What is the blood supply of the Parotid Gland and where is it’s venous drainage?
Blood supply- Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Venous drainage- External Jugular Vein
What are the three surfaces of the Submandibular Gland?
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Where is the capsule of the submandibular gland derived from?
Deep cervical fascia
What is the blood supply of the submandibular gland?
Branches of the Lingual and Facial artery
What is the venous drainage for the Submandibular gland?
Facial and Lingual vein
True or False? Sensory innervation for the submandibular gland comes from the plexus on the facial nerve?
FALSE!!! Sensory innervation is from the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve.
Fill in the blanks. “ For the Submandibular gland , Parasympathetic innervation comes from the _____ while Sympathetic innervation comes from the _____.”
Parasympathetic- Chorda Tympani
Sympathetic - Plexus on facial nerve
Fill in the blanks . “ For the Parotid Gland , Parasympathetic innervation comes from ______ while sympathetic innervation comes from ______”
Parasympathetic - auriculotemporal nerve ( secretomotor)
Sympathetic - Great auricular and auriculotemporal nerve.
What is the average weight of the sublingual gland?
3-4 grams
What are the boundaries of the Oral cavity proper?
Anterolaterally - Teeth and Gums
Roof- Hard and Soft palate
Floor - Tongue ( Mylohyoid muscle)
Anteriorly - Sublingual region
What are the borders of the Oral cavity (beginning and end)?
Begins at the lips (Labial Fissure) and ends at the Palatoglossal arches ( Anterior pillar of fauces)
What is the innervation for the Upper gums?
Superior Alveolar nerve ( Labial aspect)
Greater palatine nerve
Nasopalatine nerve (Lingual aspect )
What is the innervation of the Lower gums?
Inferior Alveolar nerve
Buccal and lingual nerves (mandibular & mental nerves)
What is the main structure in the Oral Vestibule?
The Parotid Duct
True or False? Circumvallate papillae is apart of the Anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
TRUE!!
What is the nerve supply of the tongue and what is its exception?
Cranial Nerve XII ( Hypoglossal nerve) innervates all the muscles in the tongue EXCEPT the Palatoglossos muscle.
What is the nerve supply of the Palatoglossos muscle?
Pharyngeal Plexus
What is the official name for the disorder called ‘ tongue tie’ and what is it caused by?
Ankyloglossia - It is caused when the lingual frenulum is too robust and extends very far anterior along the floor of the oral cavity literally tying the tongue.
What is the name given to the opening of the submandibular ducts called?
Submandibular caruncles ( They are located on the lingual frenulum)
What is the name given to the opening of the parotid ducts and where is it located?
Parotid Papilla - Found in the oral vestibule laterally to the second maxillary molar
What is another name given to the opening of the sublingual duct?
Sublingual plica or sublingual fold
What is the origin and insertion of the Masseter ?
Origin - Inferior border of Zygomatic acrh
Insertion- Ramus of mandible
What is the nerve supply and action of the Masseter?
Nerve supply - Masseteric nerve
Action - Elevate mandible to close the mouth to bite
What is the Origin and insertion of the Temporalis muscle?
Origin - Temporal Fossa and temporal fascia
Insertion - Coronoid process and ramus of mandible
Which muscle is responsible for retracing the mandible and side to side grinding movement?
Temporalis
Which muscle has their origin as the infratemporal surface& lateral pterygoid plate?
Lateral pterygoid
What is the insertion of the Lateral pterygoid?
Pterygoid fovea on the front of the neck of the mandible and capsule of the temporomandibular joint.
What is the nerve supply of the Lateral pterygoid?
Anterior division of mandibular nerve
What is the action of the Medial Pterygoid muscle?
Elevates mandible and protrudes it
What is the origin and insertion of the Medial pterygoid muscle?
Origin - Tuberosity of maxilla& medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
Insertion - Angle and ramus of mandible
Which muscle is responsible to depresses the mandible and protrude the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid
True or false? The posterior 2/3rds of the dorsal of tongue is the oral part of the tongue?
FALSE!! The anterior 2/3 of the dorsum.
What are the Intrinsic muscles of the Tongue?
V - Vertical
I - Inferior longitudinal
S - Superior longitudinal
T - Transverse
What are the Extrinsic muscles of the Tongue?
Please - Palatoglossos
Stop - Styloglossos
Hating - Hyoglossus
Genie- Genioglossus
“ Please stop hating Genie”
Which type of lingual papillae is heavily keratinized giving it a rough surface?
Filliform papillae
What is the blood supply of the tongue?
Lingual artery
What nerve supplies Special sensation (Taste) to the Anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda Tympani (CN VII)
True or False? Special sensation and general sensation is innervated by the Hypoglossal nerve to the Posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
FALSE!! The posterior 1/3 of tongue receives its special and general sensation from the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What are the muscles for the floor of the mouth?
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
What is the Origin of the Palatoglossos muscle and what are its main actions?
Origin - Palatine aponeurosis
Insertion - tongue
Main actions- Elevate the tongue at its root and depress the soft palate
What is the Origin and function of the Styloglossus?
Origin- Styloid process of temporal bone and stylohyoid ligament
Insertion - tongue
Elevates and retracts lateral aspects of the tongue
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for depressing and retracting the tongue and has it origin as the greater horn of the hyoid bone
Hyoglossus muscle
What is the origin of the Genioglossus and what is it’s action?
Origin- Superior mental spine of the mandible
Action - Protrudes and depresses the tongue
What is the embryologic origin for tongue muscles?
Occipital myotomes
Which salivary glands produces the most saliva?
Submandibular glands.
What is the Origin of the External Oblique muscle?
External surfaces of ribs 5- 12 ( Lower 8 ribs)
What is the insertion of the External Oblique muscle?
External lip of the Anterior two thirds of Iliac crest, ASIS , Pubic tubercle & Linea alba .
How does the fibres run in the external oblique muscle?
Inferomedially ( Downwards and forwards) - Hands in pockets
What is the origin of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Lateral two-thirds of the inguinal ligament,Thoracolumbar fascia (posteriorly), anterior two thirds iliac crest, lateral 2/3 of Inguinal ligament
How do the fibres run for internal oblique muscle?
Fibres run Super-Medially
What is the insertion of Internal Oblique muscle?
Lower six ribs, linea alba, & its lower arching fibers (Conjoint tendon) to the Pubic crest & Pectineal line
What are the borders of the Femoral ring?
Anteriorly - Inguinal Ligament
Medially- Lacunar ligament
Posteriorly- Ashley Cooper ligament
Laterally - Femoral Vein
What are the openings for the Inguinal Canal?
Deep (Internal) Inguinal Ring
Superficial ( External) Inguinal Ring
Where is the Deep (Internal ) Inguinal ring found?
1.25 cm superior to the midpoint of the Inguinal ligament
Where does the Chordae Tympani nerve emerges from?
Squamo-tympanic fissure
What are the structures that come through the Foramen Ovale?
M- Mandibular nerve
A- Accessory Meningial Artery
L- Lesser Petrosal Nerve
E- Emisary nerve
What is the nerve supply for the valecullar region of the tongue?
Internal Laryngeal nerve branch of the Vagus nerve
How long is the oesophagus?
25cm long
How far from the incisor tooth is the beginning of the oesophagus?
15 cm
What are the outermost muscles of the oesophagus?
Longitudinal muscles
What is the main support of the oesophagus?
Crico-oesphogeal tendon
Where is the midinguinal point located>
Midway between the cubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine
Which muscles of the lower four fibres of the external oblique muscle digitate with?
Latissimus Dorsi
Which muscles of the upper four fibres of the external oblique muscle digitate with?
Serratus Anterior
What is the known site for a rare lumbar hernia?
Lumbar Triangle
What is the innervation for the skin of the Anterior abdominal wall?
Intercostal nerves
True or False? Camper’s fascia is the fatty layer of the abdominal wall and Scarpa’s fascia is the membranous layer of the abdominal wall?
TRUE!!
What are the boundaries of the Lumbar Triangle ( of Petit)?
Anterior boundary- External Oblique muscle
Posterior boundary - Latissimus dorsi
Inferior boundary - Iliac crest
Floor- Internal Oblique muscle
Where does the Internal Oblique muscles become aponeurotic?
At the tip of the ninth costal cartilage
What is the nerve supply for the External Oblique muscle?
Lower 6 intercostal nerves
True or False? The lines alba in the anterior abdominal wall is vascular.
FALSE!! It is avascular
Where is the Linea semicircular( Arcuate line/ Fold of Douglas) located?
In the posterior border of the abdominal wall
Where does the linea alba run from?
From the xiphpoid process to the pubic symphysis
What is the blood supply for the Internal Oblique muscle?
Lower thoracic nerves and L1
What is the Origin of Rectus Abdominis ( the lateral head?
Lateral head originates from the lateral part of the pubic crest and medial head from the anterior pubic ligament
Where does the medial head of the rectus abdominis arise from ?
Medial head from the anterior pubic ligament
What is the insertion of Rectus Abdominis?
Anterior surface of costal cartilages 5,6 and 7 + xiphoid process
What are the components of the rectus sheath?
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
Epigastric vessels
Lower 6 intercostal nerves and corresponding vessels together with lymphatics.
What is the Origin of the pyramidal?
Anterior surface of the body of the pubic bone pubic symphysis, anterior pubic ligament.
What is the insertion of the Pyramidalis Muscle?
Into the linea alba
What is the innervation of the Pyramidilis muscle?
Subcostal nerve (T12)
What is the nerve of the Umbilicus?
T 10
What is the dermatome of the nerve supplying the skin of the mons pubis?
L1
True or False? T 4 is the dermatome supplying the skin of the xiphisternum.
FALSE - it’s T7
What is the nerve that supplies the bikini area of the bikini area and what is it’s dermatome?
Iliohypogastric nerve - L1
What is the blood supply for the Anterior abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
Subcostal artery
Superficial epigastric artery from the femoral art.
Superficial circumflex iliac (femoral)
Superficial external pudendal (femoral)
Lower intercostal arteries
Lower intercostal arteries
Inferior epigastric artery (external iliac)
Deep circumflex iliac (external iliac)
Four lumbar arteries from the aorta
” The anterior abdominal wall SSSSSLLID Far “
Where is the lymphatic drainage BELOW the umbilicus ?
The medial group of superficial inguinal nodes
What is the superior epigastric artery a branch of?
Internal Thoracic artery
What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of ?
External iliac artery
At what level does the superior epigastric artery arises from?
At the sixth costal cartilage
Fill in the blanks. The demarcation point where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends is the _______.
Arcuate line.
True or False? The median umbilical fold is formed by umbilical arteries.
FALSE!! The median umbilical fold formed by the obliterated urachus- median umbilical ligament.
Median - Ligament
Fill in the blanks. Lateral umbilical fold formed by underlying the _______.
Inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral - vessels
“LV’
Fill in the blank. The medial umbilical fold formed by the _______
Underlying obliterated umbilical arteries.
Present as the MediaL umbilical ligament.
MediaL - umbilicaL arteries
How many umbilical folds are found in the anterior abdominal wall?
5 Umbilical folds
What is the blood supply for the lips?
Labial branch of the facial artery
Fill in the blanks. “The lymphatics from the Central part of the lower lip drains into the ___________ while the lymphatics from the lateral parts of the lower lip & the whole upper lip drains into_________.”
Central - Submental nodes
Lateral - Submandibular nodes
What is the innervation for the upper lip?
Labial branches of the infraorbital nerve (a branch of maxillary division of the tirgeminal nerve)
What is the innervation of the lower lip?
The mental nerve (a branch of mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve).
Into what lympnodes does the lymphatics of the cheek drain into?
Seubmandibular & Pre-auricular lymph nodes
What is the nerve supply to the lower gums?
Labial aspect- Buccal branch of mandibular nerve and incisive branch of mental nerve .
Lingual aspect - Lingual nerves
What is the nerve supply of the upper gums?
Labial aspect - Posterior, middle and anterior-superior alveolar nerves .
Lingual aspect - Gretaer palatine & nasopalatine nerves.
What is the lymph drainage for the upper lip?
Submandibular lymph nodes
What is the lymph drainage of the upper gums ?
Submandibular lymph nodes
What is the lymph drainage of the lower gums?
The lymphatics from anterior part (i.e., gums of lower central incisors) drain into submental lymph nodes while those from remaining part drain into submandibular lymph nodes.
What is the blood supply of the tongue?
- Branches of the Lingual artery
- Tonsillar branch of the facial artery
3.Ascending pharyngeal artery
What is the venous drainage?
Deep lingual vein
Venae comitantes ( joined dorsal lingual veins)
Venae comitantes ( hypossal nerve)
What is the innervation of the Circumvallate papillae?
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( even tho it is apart of the Anterior 2/3 or the tongue.
What is the innervation of the Vallecular region ( posteriormost part of the tongue)?
Internal laryngeal nerve from superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
What is the emrbyological origin for the mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Fusion of a pair of lingual swellings with the tuberculum impar.
What is the embryological origin for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
The cranial part of hypobranchial eminence (Copula of His)
What is the embryological origin of the muscles of the tongue?
Occipital myotomes
What is the most common site for cancer of the tongue?
Lateral margin of the anterior two-third of tongue.
What is the name of the ligament which attaches to the lingual of the mandible?
Sphenomandibular ligament
Fill in the blanks. “The stylomandibular ligament is attached to the _________ of the mandible while Temporomandibular ligament is attached to the _____________ of the mandible. “
Stylomandibular - Angle of the mandible
Tempomandibular - Lateral aspect of the neck of the mandible
What are the three parts in which the Maxillary artery is divided into?
- First Part (Mandibular artery )
- Second Part (Pterygoid part )
- Third Part ( Pterygopalatine part)
What nerve emerges through the Foramen Rotundum?
Maxillary nerve
What nerve emerges through the Foraman Ovale?
Mandibular nerve
What nerve & artery emerges through the Foramen Spinosum ?
Middle menial artery
Nervous spinous( meningeal branch of mandibular nerve which is going to supply dura mater of the middle cranial fossa.
What are the structures merging through Foramen Ovale?
M- Mandibular nerve
A- accessory middle menengeal artery
L- Lesser petrosal nerve
E- Emissary vein
At what vertebral level is the Hyoid bone located?
C3
What is the nerve root for Ansa cervicalis ?
C1, C2, C3
What is the nerve root for the inferior ramus of Ansa cervicalis?
C2& C3
Where is Ansa cervicalis located?
It lies on the Carotid sheath mainly on the Internal Jugular vein
Which nerve runs through the Parotid gland?
Facial nerve
What are the two nerves that pass through the Incisive fossa?
Nasopalatine nerve
Branch of greater palatine artery which contributes to Kisselbach’s plexus
