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OB/GYN > Anatomy/embryology > Flashcards

Anatomy/embryology Flashcards

1
Q

C-section layers (11)

A

Skin, campers, scarpa, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus, transversalis fascia, fat, parietal peritoneum, loose peritoneum, uterus

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2
Q

what developmental age does the intermediate mesoderm and genital swellings arise

A

4 wks postfertilization; 6wks gestational

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3
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 2/3 vagina, urinary system components (kidneys)

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4
Q

what does the genital swellings give rise to?

A

urogenital sinus, external genitalia, lower 1/3 vagina

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5
Q

what is the male determinant

A

Y chromosome, SRY factor or testis-determining factor

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6
Q

what is the female determining factor

A

WNT4 –ovary determining factor. when wnt4 is present and SRY is absent this is female

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7
Q

when do the structural gonads develop?

A

7th wk or 9th gestational wk

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8
Q

when do the external genitalia develop?

A

12 wk, 14 gestational

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9
Q

when do the ovaries develop

A

10wks, 12 wks gestational

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10
Q

what is the gubernaculum

A

ovary attached to mesenchymal condensation that facilitates normal migration, gives rise to suspensatory ligament of the ovary

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11
Q

what is the ovary composed of?

A

oocytes from primordial germ cells and follicular cells that compose the wall of thee follicle from cortical cords derived from mesonephros

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12
Q

another name for mesonephric ducts

A

wolffian ducts

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13
Q

another name for the paramesonephric ducts

A

mullerian ducts

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14
Q

In the female embryo what happens to the mesonephric ducts?

A

they degenerate and vanish

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15
Q

what happens to the paramesonephric ducts in female embryos

A

they develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 2/3 vagina

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16
Q

what gives rise to the paramesonephric ducts

A

invaginations of the epithelium of urogenital ridges

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17
Q

what do the mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts do? How do they develop?

A

the ducts grow caudally until contacting the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus to form the vaginal plate and then the vagina. above the vaginal plate the ducts fuse to form the cervix and uterus. cranial end remain separate to form the fallopian tubes.

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18
Q

what do the mesonephric ducts form? (male embryo)

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts.

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19
Q

what forms the labia majora

A

labiosacral swellings

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20
Q

what forms the labia minora

A

unfused urogenital folds

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21
Q

paramesonephric ducts form what? another name for them is what

A

fallopian tubes, uper 2/3 vagina, uterine corpus and cervix. mullerian ducts

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22
Q

what does the urogenital sinus form

A

lower 1/3 vagina, skenes glands, bartholin glands

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23
Q

why are the skene’s glands and bartholin glands clinically important

A

becasue they can become infected, inflamed, present with cysts. trichomonas vaginalis infection

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24
Q

what does the sacrum articulate on

A

coccyx inferiorly and the 5th lumbar superiorly

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25
Q

what are the pelvic viscera

A

uterus, vagina, bladder, fallopian tubes, ovaries, distal rectum

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26
Q

what does the lesser pelvis consist of and what is another name

A

sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, pelvic ischium bilaterally, symphysis pubis anteriorly
true pelvis

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27
Q

what does the greater pelvis consist of and what is another name for it>

A

lumbar vert posteriorly, iliac fossa bilaterally, abdominal wall anteriorly

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28
Q

what are the four types of female pelvis

A

gynecoid, anthropoid, android and platypelloid

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29
Q

gynecoid

A

round 40-50% women

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30
Q

anthropoid

A

oval-long (25% women)

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31
Q

android

A

wedge 20%

32
Q

platypelloid

A

oval-wide (2-5%)

33
Q

what does the vulva consist of

A

labia minora, labia majora, mons pubis, clitoris, vestibule, ducts of the vestibular glands

34
Q

what is the purpose of bartholin glands

A

open into the vestibule and assist in vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal.

35
Q

what is the blood supply to the vagina

A

vaginal artery off of the internal iliac (hypogastric artery)

36
Q

what is the cervical fornix

A

the area of the vagina around the cervix; typically discussed as the posterior, anterior, left and right lateral fornices.

37
Q

what lies immediately behind the posterior fornix

A

the floor of the pouch of douglas, of the posterior cul-de-sac.

38
Q

what is dinoprostone

A

vaginal insert or pessary that ripens the cervix for induction of labor,. ideally placed in the posterior vaginal-cervical fornix

39
Q

external os

A

cervical opening directed into the vagina

40
Q

internal os

A

cervical opening directed into the uterus

41
Q

what cell type makes up the outer cervical epithelium

A

non-keratinizing sqaumous, same as vagina

42
Q

what cell type makes up the endocervix to edge of the transformation zone

A

columnar epithelium

43
Q

what is the transformation zone

A

where the endocervical columnar epithelium meets the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix and vagina.

44
Q

what is the squamocolumnar junction

A

most caudal portion of the transformation zone

45
Q

infancy and early childhood squamocolumnar junction

A

on upper 2/3 of vaginal wall

46
Q

adolescence and menstrual years squamocolumnar junction

A

ectocervix

47
Q

squamocolumnar junction of menopause

A

rises up inside the cervical canal.

48
Q

what is the uterine isthmus

A

junction of the cervix and corpus

49
Q

what is the uterine cornu

A

junction of uterus and fallopian tube

50
Q

uterine fundus

A

portion of corpus between the two cornu.f

51
Q

what composes the uterine wall

A

endometrium, myometrium, serosa

52
Q

endometrium describe tissue

A

inner mucosa, simple columnar epithelium with underlying stroma that changes during menstrual cycle

53
Q

describe myometrium tissue

A

smooth muscle

54
Q

describe the serosa tissue

A

thin outer layer of connective tissue distinct from the parametrium

55
Q

what happens to the uterus throughout the menstrual cycle

A

proliferates, vascularizes and converts to secretory phase after ovulation. eventually sloughing off.

56
Q

what is the broad ligament

A

peritoneal sheet that overlies the structures adjacent to the uterus; acts as a conduit for vessels such as the uterine artery, vaginal artery and ureters.

57
Q

why is the broad ligament clinically relevant

A

for surgery it is must-find and important due to its vascularity.

58
Q

what is the infundibulopelvic ligament

A

connects the ovary to the posterior abdominal wall and carries the ovarian artery and vein and lymphatics.

59
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

connects uterus at level of cervix to sacrum

60
Q

cardinal ligament

A

lateral attachment uterus/cervix immediately inferior to uterine artery.

61
Q

uterine blood supply

A

primary uterine arterties with some contribution from the vaginal

62
Q

venous drainage

A

uterine vein to pelvic venous plexus

63
Q

where is the ureter compared to the uterine artery

A

at the point where the artery meets the uterus, ureter is deep to the uterine artery about 1.5-3cm

64
Q

what arteries come off of the internal iliac to support female anatomy

A

uterine artery, vaginal, middle rectal and internal pudendal.

65
Q

why are uterine hemorrhages complex

A

due to the collateral blood supply

66
Q

sampson’s artery where and what

A

runs under the round ligament and is the anastomosis of the uterine and ovarian arteries

67
Q

clinical significance of Sampson’s artery

A

actually is an insignificant artery that is dissected during hysterectomy. it can be a cause of bleeding, but rarely poses a hemodynamic risk for the patient. and it is easily cauterized and sutured to prevent bleeding.

68
Q

where do the ureters course through the pelvis

A

pelvic brim, cardinal ligament, insertion into the urinary bladder

69
Q

Ureter at pelvic brim

A

at junction between true and false pelvis, ureter is immediately below the bifurcation of the common iliac into internal and external branches. Infundibulopelvic ligament joins posterior peritoneum at this point as well

70
Q

Ureter at cardinal ligament

A

major supporting ligament of uterus, inserts bilaterally at level of cervix, ureter courses medially and inferiorly from pelvic brim to pass through thee cardinal ligament about 1.5-3cm below the superior edge of the ligament.

71
Q

cardinal ligament above ureter to superior edge

A

membranous portion of ligament

72
Q

which way does the uterine artery course in the cardinal ligament

A

laterally to medially

73
Q

what are the anatomical components of the fallopian tube?

A

fimbrae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus.

74
Q

what are the layers of the wall of the uterus from external to internal

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

75
Q

where is the fundus of the uterus

A

the apex.

76
Q

what ligament is at the level of cervix

A

the uterosacral ligament

OB/GYN (39 decks)

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