Anatomy and Physiology 1.1c Flashcards
What is ATP made out of?
- One adenosine Molecule
- Three Phosphate Groups
- Held by chemical compounds
How is ATP used?
-Readily available (stored in muscle cell)
How is ATP broken down and used?
- Energy stored in bond between last two phosphates
- Bond broken by ATPase
- Energy released causing muscle cell contract causing movement
Reaction and Equation for ATP breakdown
- Coupled reaction - broken down and resynthesised
- ATP -> ADP + P + energy
Three energy systems used for resynthesis
- ATP-PC system
- Glycolytic
- Aerobic
What is the three energy systems dependent on?
-Intensity of exercise and two systems can work at same time
Controlling Enzymes for ATP-PC System
-Creatine Kinase
Controlling Enzymes for Glycolytic System
- GPP
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
- Lactate Dehydgrogenase (LDH)
Controlling Enzymes for Aerobic System
- Phosphofructokinase
- Acetyl-CoA
Energy Yield For three Aerobic systems
ATP-PC System - 1 mole of ATP
Glycolytic System - 2 Moles of ATP
Aerobic System - 38 Moles of ATP
Specific Stages of ATP-PC system
- PC -> P+C+Energy (Exothermic)
- Energy+ADP+P -> ATP (Endothermic)
Specific Stages of Glycolytic System
- Glucose undergoes Anaerobic Glycolysis
- Pyruvic acid/without O2 -> Lactic Acid
Specific Stages of Aerobic System
- Aerobic Glycolysis
- KREBS cycle
- ETC
By Products formed of three Energy systems
ATP-PC -> None
Glycolytic -> Lactic Acid
Aerobic System -> Co2 + H2o
Intensity of Three Energy Systems
ATP-PC -> Very high/Maximal
Glycolytic -> High Intensity
Aerobic -> Moderate/Low
Durations of Three Energy Systems
ATP-PC -> 2-10 Seconds
Glycolytic -> Up to 3 minutes
Aerobic -> 3 minutes onwards
Strengths of the ATP-PC System
- No delay for O2
- PC readily available
- simple breakdown
- No by products
Strengths of the Glycolytic System
- No Delay for O2
- Large fuel stores in muscles
- Lactic Acid can be recycled
Strengths of the Aerobic System
- Large Fuels e.g Triglycerides, Glucose
- High ATP yield
- Long duration of Energy Production
Weaknesses of ATP-PC System
- Low ATP yield
- Small PC stores lead to rapid fatigue
Weaknesses of Glycolytic System
- Lactic Acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
- Recovery can be lengthy
Weaknesses of Aerobic System
- Delay for Oxygen delivery
- Complex
- Sub-Maximal Intenisity
Energy Continuum
Relative Contribution of each energy system to overall energy production
Intermittent Exercise
Activity where intensity alternates
Myoglobin
A protein molecule that, similar to haemoglobin helps transport oxygen
EPOC
Volume of Oxygen consumed post-exercise to return body to pre-exercise state
The recovery process two stages
- Fast alactacid Component
- Slow lactacid Component
What two stages occur in Fast Alactacid Component
- PC stores restored
- Replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen
Time to replenish PC stored in Fast Alactacid System
- 3 minutes to fully recover
- 30 Seconds - 50%
- 60 Seconds - 75%
- Requires 4 litres of Oxygen
How does Replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen occur during Fast Alactacid System
-First Minute - oxygen resaturates the blood
Three Stages of the Slow Lactacid Component
- Elevated Ventilation
- Elevated Body temperature
- Removal of Lactic Acid
Elevated ventilation effect on Slow Lactacid component
- Depth and HR become Elevated
- Gradually decrease to resting levels
Elevated body temperature effect on Slow Lactacid component
- Elevated temperature increases metabolic rate
- 60-70% of EPOC
Removal of Lactic Acid effect on Slow Lactacid component
- 50% converted to pyruvic acid - enters KREBS
- 10% converted back to glucose and glycohen
- Removed via sweating and urine
7 Implications of Recovery on training
1) Warm Up
2) Active Recovery
3) Cooling Aids
4) Intensity of training
5) Work:Relief Ratios
6) Strategies and Tactics
7) Nutrition
