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A level PE > Anatomy and Physiology 1.1a > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology 1.1a Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of Ligament?

A

Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

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2
Q

Function of Ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints

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3
Q

Structure of Synovial Fluid?

A

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

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4
Q

Function of Synovial Fluid?

A

Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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5
Q

Structure of Cartilage?

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface articulating bones

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6
Q

Function of Cartilage?

A

Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

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7
Q

Structure of Capsule?

A

A fibrous sac with inner synovial membrane

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8
Q

Function of Capsule?

A

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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9
Q

Three Planes of Movement?

A

Saggital, Frontal and Transverse

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10
Q

Saggital Plane?

A

Divides the body into left and right

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11
Q

Frontal Plane?

A

Divides the body into anterior/posterior (back/front)

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12
Q

Transverse Plane?

A

Divides body into upper and lower

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13
Q

Movements in Saggital Plane?

A

Flexion
Extension
Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion

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14
Q

Movements in Frontal Plane?

A

Abduction

Adduction

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15
Q

Movements in Transverse Plane?

A

Horizontal extension
Horizontal flexion
Rotation

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16
Q

Ball and Socket Joint?

A

Shoulder and Hip

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17
Q

Hinge Joint?

A

Elbow, Knee and Ankle

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18
Q

Condyloid Joint?

A

Wrist

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19
Q

Saggital Movement at Ball and Socket?

A

Flexion and Extension

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20
Q

Frontal Movement at Ball and Socket Joint?

A

Abduction and Adduction

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21
Q

Transverse Movement at Ball and Socket Joint?

A

Horizontal Flexion and extension and Dorsi/Plantar Flexion

22
Q

Saggital Movement at Hinge Joint?

A

Flexion and Extension and Dorsi/Plantar Flexion

23
Q

Agonist muscle function?

A

Shorten to create movement

24
Q

Antagonist Muscle function?

A

Lengthens to coordinate movement

25
Q

Type of Flexion at Wrist?

A

Wrist Flexors - Agonist

Wrist Extensors - Antagonist

26
Q

Type of Flexion at Elbow?

A

Biceps Brachii - Agonist

Triceps Brachii - Antagonist

27
Q

Type of Flexion at Shoulder?

A

Anterior Deltoid - Agonist

Posterior Deltoid - Antagonist

28
Q

Type of Flexion at Hip?

A

illiopsoas - Agonist

Gluteus Maximus - Antagonist

29
Q

Type of Flexion at Knee?

A

Biceps Femoris - Agonist

Rectus Femoris - Atagonist

30
Q

Type of Flexion at Ankle?

A

Tibialis Anterior - Agonist

Gastrocnemius - Antagonist

31
Q

Types of Muscle Contraction?

A

Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric

32
Q

Concentric?

A

Muscles Shortens to produce tension

33
Q

Eccentric?

A

Muscle Lengthens to produce tension

34
Q

Isometric?

A

Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created

35
Q

Muscle contraction steps

A
  1. Nerve Impulse Initiated
  2. NI conducted down Axon to synaptic Cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct nerve impulse across gap
  4. If charge is above threshold then contraction
36
Q

What are Motor Neurones?

A

Specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses

37
Q

3 Types of Fibre Types?

A

Slow Oxidative - SO
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic - FOG
Fast Glycolytic - FG

38
Q

Slow Oxidative Structural Characteristics?

A 
Neutron size                SMALL
Fibres per Neuron       FEW
Capillary Den               HIGH
Mitochondria Dens      HIGH
Myoglobin Dens          HIGH
Phosphocreatine         LOW
39
Q

Slow Oxidative Functional Characteristics?

A 
Contraction Speed     Slow
Contraction Force       Low
Fatigue Resistance     High
Aerobic Capacity        High
Anaerobic Capacity    Low
40
Q

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Structural Characteristics?

A 
Neutron size                Large
Fibres per Neuron       Many
Capillary Den               High
Mitochondria Dens      Moderate
Myoglobin Dens          Moderate
Phosphocreatine         High
41
Q

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Functional Characteristics?

A 
Contraction Speed     Fast
Contraction Force       High
Fatigue Resistance     Moderate
Aerobic Capacity        Moderate
Anaerobic Capacity    Moderate
42
Q

Fast Glycolytic Structure Characteristics?

A 
Neutron size                Large
Fibres per Neuron       Many
Capillary Den                Low
Mitochondria Dens      Low
Myoglobin Dens           Low
Phosphocreatine          High
43
Q

Fast Glycolytic Functional Characteristics?

A 
Contraction Speed     Fast
Contraction Force       High
Fatigue Resistance     Low
Aerobic Capacity        Low 
Anaerobic Capacity    High
44
Q

What do Motor Neurones consist of

A
  • Nerve cells (brains or spinal cords)

- Transmit nerve impulses to a group of muscle fibres

45
Q

Motor end plates

A

-connect group of muscle fibres to the axon of motor neurones

46
Q

Axon

A

-extension of motor neurones that connect the main cell and muscle fibres

47
Q

Motor Unit

A
  • Motor neurone and the muscle fibres that it activates

- Strength of contraction is determined by how many units are recruited

48
Q

All or None law

A

-Either all muscle fibres contract or not

49
Q

Action Potential

A

-postive electrical charge inside nerve/muscles cells which conducts nerve impulse down motor neurone into muscle fibres

50
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

-point where axons motor end plates meet muscle fibre

51
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

-gap between motor plate and muscle fibre

52
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • Action potential cannot cross synapse without Acetylcholine
  • secreted by neurone in synapse helping action potential

A level PE (13 decks)

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