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GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are responsible for opening and closing of the mouth?

A

Opening - lateral pytergoid

Closing - temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

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2
Q

What nerve controls mastication?

A

CN V3

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3
Q

Name the bony processes of the TMJ and what bone they belong to

A

Head of the condylar process - mandible
Articular tubercle - temporal
Mandibular fossa - temporal

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4
Q

Name the three salivary glands in the face and what nerve controls each

A

Parotid - CN IX
Sublingual - CN VII
Submandibular - CN VII

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5
Q

Describe the nervation for superior and inferior halves of oral cavity

A

Superior - CN V2

Inferior - CN V3

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6
Q

What gland inserts into the mouth via the floor of the mouth with linguinal caruncle

A

Submandibular

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7
Q

Name the tonsils that can be seen at the back of the mouth

A

Palatine

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8
Q

What nerves can be found in the tongue, anterior and posterior regions? What nerve is responsible for taste?

A

Ant 2/3 - CN V3 and CN VII (taste)

Post 1/3 - CN IX

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9
Q

What papillae have no taste? Name the other papillae found on tongue from most distal to proximal

A 
Filiform - just touch and temp found at tip of tongue
Filiform 
Fungiform 
Follate (back side of tongue)
Vallate (large back of tongue) 
GO TO MINDMAP !!
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10
Q

What nerve controls muscle found around lips and what is it called?

A

CN VII

Orbicularis oris

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11
Q

What nerves control motor and sensory response of gag reflex

A

Motor - CN IX and CN X
Sensory - CN IX
Link to muscle innervation of pharynx and post tongue

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12
Q

What roles do the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue have?

A

Intrinsic - shape of tongue (intrinsic = natural -> nautrally have shape to our tongues)
Extrinsic - poistion of tongue

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13
Q

Name the 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of tongue. What nerve controls them?

A

Palatoglossus - CN X
Styloglossus - CN XII
Hyoglossus - CN XII
Genioglossus - CN XII

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14
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

Where can the superior constrictor, middle constrictor and inferior constrictor muscles be found?

A

Outer circular layer of muscle in pharynx

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the circular and longitudinal muscle in pharynx?

A

Circular - CN X and CN IX

Longitudinal - CN X

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17
Q

What level does the pharynx become the anatomical upper oesophageal sphincter and then oesophagus?

A

C6

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18
Q

At what level does the oesophagus, aorta and IVCpass through the diaphragm?

A

I ate 10 eggs at 12
IVC - T8
Oesophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

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19
Q

What is different about the muscle layers in the stomach?

A

The stomach has an oblique layer in muscularis externa

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20
Q

Name the layers of the digestive tract wall from most deep to superficial

A 
Mucosa
   - Epithelium
   - Lamina Propria
   - Mucularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa 
Adventita

MSMS and ELM tree

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21
Q

Differentiate between visceral and somatic pain

A

Visceral - dull and achy - hard to localise

Somatic - sharp and stabbing - easy to localise

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22
Q

Whats the only part of GI tract that has oblique muscle in muscularsis externa as well as circular and longitudinal?

A

Stomach - oblique - deepest layer

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23
Q

Thinking of the wee man name the branches of the coeliac trunk

A

Look at mindmap

  1. Left gastric artery
  2. Splhenic artery
  3. Common hepatic artery
    - > gastric duodenal
    - > right gastric artery
    - > proper hepatic artery
    • > left hepatic artery
    • > right hepatic artery
      • > cystic artery
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24
Q

What arteries anastome on lesser and greater curvature of stomach?

What artery supplies the posterior aspect of the stomach?

A

Lesser - right and left gastric arteries

Greater - right and left gastro-omental arteries

Sphlenic

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25
Q

What level does the coeliac trunk appear?

A

just after T12 (aortic hiatus)

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26
Q

What artery gives rise to superior panceratic-duodenal?

A

Gastroduodenal

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27
Q

Name the layers of the abdominal muscles from most superficial to deep

A 
External oblique
Internal oblique (rectus abdominis same level in midline)
Transversus abdominis
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28
Q

Name the 9 regions of the abdo

A

Right hypochondrium, epigastric. left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, umbilicus, left lumbar
Right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal

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29
Q

Name the 4 nerves of the abdo. body wall from superior to inferior

A

Thoraco-abdominal
Subcostal
Iliohypogastric
Iliohypoinginual

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30
Q

The abdominal body wall is innervated with paraysympathetic, somatic motor and sensory nerves. True/False

A

False - somatic sensory and motor AND SYMPATHETIC nerves

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31
Q

It is known a patient has a problem with their small bowel. Pain is felt in the epigastric region. What part of the small bowel is likely to be affected?

A

Duodenum as foregut organ

Pain for jejenum and ileum likely to be felt in umbilical area due to being midgut organs

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32
Q

Is the small intestine intra or retroperitoneal?

A

The first part of duodenum ad is intraperitoneal like the rest of the small bowel.
The descending, horizontal and ascending part of duodenum is retroperitoneal

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33
Q

Difference between intraperitoneal, with a mesentry and retroperitoneal?

A

Intra - covered in visceral peritoneum - minimal movement against the posterior body wall
Retro - visceral peritoneum on anterior surface only - held in retroperitoneum (think retro = old days = hidden away)
With mesentry - means very mobile - double layer of visceral peritoneum behind the organ allowing it to be suspended from posterior abdo wall

34
Q

Where do panceratic and bile secretions enter the duodenum

A

In the descending part of the duodenum via the major duodenal papilla - protusion of the Ampulla of Vater

35
Q

How can you tell the difference between the ileum and jejenum?

A

only macroscopically

jejunum has plicae circulares (folds in mucosa) gets more smooth as goes towards and through ileum

36
Q

Where does jejunum start?

A

Duodenaljujenumonal flexture/junction

37
Q

Where does ileum end and caecum start

A

Ileocaeceal junction

38
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches and where are they found?

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue - ileum

39
Q

At what level would you find the 3 big branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Coeliac trunk - T12 (same as aortic hiatis)
SMA - L1
IMA - L2

40
Q

Name the organs found in fore, mid and hind-gut and state the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply to each

A

Fore - oesophagus, spleen, stomach, liver, gallbladder, 1/2 pancreas to D2 duodenum
Mid - D2 to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon and 1/2 pancreas
Hind - distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
Fore - coeliac trunk, splenic vein and coeliac lymph nodes
Mid - SMA, SMV and superior mesenteric lymph nodes
Hind - IMA, IMV and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

41
Q

Where would you find the Marginal Artery of Drummond and what is it?

What is its clinical significance?

A

Anastomoses of IMA and SMA found as a continuous arterial circle along the inner border of the transverse colon

Most common site of ischaemia - splenic flexure region

42
Q

Name the branches of the SMA and IMA

A 
SMA - superior panceraticodudoenal 
middle colic
right colic
ileocolic
appendicular
arteries to jejunum and ileum

IMA - left colic
sigmoid colic
superior rectal

43
Q

When liver undergoes damage and portal pressure increases what can appear

A

Varices - dilation of anatomises sites between systemic and portal system

  • Oesophageal (between hepatic portal and azygous)
  • Caput medusae (reopen ligamentum teres)
  • Rectal varices (between IMV and internal iliac vein)
44
Q

Describe the blood flow through portal system

A

IMV - splenic

Splenic and SMV -> hepatic portal vein -> IVC

45
Q

Name the 4 lymph nodes of the abdo

A

Coeliac nodes
Superior mesenteric nodes
Inferior mesenteric nodes
Lumbar nodes (kidneys, pelvis, abdo wall and limbs)

46
Q

Where is fluid likely to gather in a patient in supine postion?

A

Subphrenic and LOWEST point = hepatorenal pouch (Pouch of Morrison)

47
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

48
Q

What is the portal triad formed of?

A

Branches of:
Hepatic portal vein
Proper hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct

49
Q

How many functioning segments of the liver are there?

A

8

50
Q

Describe blood and bile flow through a lobule

A

Blood flows from portal vein through sinusiods to central vein -> IVC
Bile is produced by hepatocytes and flows towards bile duct via canaliculi -> gallbladder
Flow is in opposite directions

51
Q

What ribs protect the liver?

A

7-11 (think of 7/11)

52
Q

What is Calot’s Triangle used to find?

A

Cystic artery

Inferior border of liver - to top
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct

53
Q

When the neck of the gallbladder narrows what is formed?

A

Cystic duct

54
Q

Where is the gallbladder found?

A

On the posterior surface of the liver

Anteriorly to the duodenum

55
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A

When common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together

56
Q

Why are haustra formed and where are they found?

A

Colon

Formed by tonic contraction of teniae coli

57
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

3 bands of longitudinal muscle from caceum to SIGMOID COLON

58
Q

What is the name for the fatty deposits found on the colon?

A

Omental appendices

59
Q

How does the caecum open into appendix?

A

Appendicular orifice

60
Q

Colon has microvilli and villi. True/False?

A

False - colon has microvilli only

Small bowel - microvilli and villi

61
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

To store and concentrate bile

62
Q

Where can pancreatic pain be felt?

A

Foregut - epigastric
Midgut - umbilical
Retroperitoneal - back pain

63
Q

What organ can be found anteriorly to the aorta at L2 and anterior to left kidney, pointing towards the spleen?

A

Pancreas

64
Q

What two ways does the pancreas get its arterial blood supply?

A

Tail - Branches off the splenic artery

Head - Inferior and superior pancreatico-dudodenal arteries anastomose

65
Q

What nerves supply the pancreas?

A

Symp - abdominopelvic splanchnic

Para - vagus nerve

66
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine gland of pancreas?

A

Endocrine - released into blood - involves Islets of Langerhans - insulin and glucagon
Exocrine - released into bile ducts - digestive juices and enxymes

67
Q

Describe the pathway of exocrine enzyme production in pancreas?

A

Produced by acinar cells -> collecting ducts -> pancreatic duct

68
Q

What is the difference between haemorrhoids and rectal varices?

A

Rectal varices - related to portal hypertension and dilation of collateral veins
Haemorrhoids - prolapse of rectal venous plexus due to increased general pressure (not blood pressure)

69
Q

Name the 3 muscles which make up the pelvic floor muscle and what is it’s name?

A

Levator ani

  • Puborectalis
  • Pubococcygeal
  • Ileococcygeal
70
Q

What happens to the levator ani muscle on coughing and sneezing

A

Reflexively contracts further

71
Q

What nerve supplies the levator ani?

A

S2, 3 and 4

S2, 3 and 4 keep the 3 Ps off the floor - poo, pee and penis

72
Q

At what stage does the sigmoid colon become the rectum and the rectum become the anal canal?

A

Sigmoid colon -> rectum = ant. to S3

Rectum -> anal canal = ant. to coccyx

73
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

An embryological line in anal canal
Above = endoderm = GI tract
Below = ectoderm = skin

74
Q

Name the artery, vein and lymph for the anal canal

A

Above pectinate line = rectum and proximal 1/2 of anal canal
A - IMA (via sup rectal artery)
V - IMV (via sup rectal vein - portal system)
L - IM lymph nodes

Below pectinate line = distal 1/2 of anal canal
A - internal iliac artery (via middle and inferior rectal arteries)
V - internal iliac vein (systemic system)
L - superficial inguinal nodes

75
Q

What two sphincters are present in the anus? What muscle are each made up of?

A

Internal sphinter = smooth muscle

External sphincter = skeletal muscle

76
Q

What sphincter in the anus in constantly contracted until distension causes relaxation and defeacation?

A

Internal is constantly contracted until distension causes relaxation
WITH contraction of external = defecation

77
Q

Name the areas on either side of the anal canal filled with fat and connective tissue. What do these areas become a risk site for?

A

Ishioanal fossae

Sites of abscess formation

78
Q

What level is the bifurcation of the aorta?

A

L4

79
Q

What artery does the cystic artery most commonly branch off?

A

Right hepatic artery

80
Q

Where is the site of the femoral artery?

A

Halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

81
Q

What ligament is the portal triad found in?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

GI (26 decks)

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