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Phoebe's GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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2
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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3
Q

Adult dentition

A

32 teeth
All erupted by 18
4 quadrants (upper left etc)

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4
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis close
Masseter close
Lateral pterygoid open
Medial pterygoid close

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5
Q

Muscles of mastication supplied by

A

Trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

Course of mandibular division of trigeminal nerves

A

From Pons
Thorugh Foramen Ovale
To muscles of mastication and sensory area

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7
Q

What CN supplies salivary gland

A

CN VII

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8
Q

Gag reflex

A

Sensory part = CN IX

Motor part = CN IX and CN X

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9
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

Change position of tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

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10
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

modify shape of tongue during function

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11
Q

All tongue muscles are innervated by

A

CN XII

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12
Q

Hypoglossal nerve course

A

From medulla
Through hypoglossal canal
To extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue

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13
Q

Pharynx innervated by

A

Vagus CN X

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14
Q

Anatomy of swallowing

A
  1. Close lips to prevent drooling
  2. Tongue pushes bolus posteriorly towards oropharynx
  3. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract to push bolus towards oesophagus
  4. I
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15
Q

Cervical constriction of oesophagus

A

Cricopharyngeus muscle

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16
Q

Thoracic constriction of oesophagus

A

Arch of aorta

Left main bronchus

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17
Q

Diaphragmatic constriction of oesophagus

A

Passes through diaphragm

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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18
Q

Lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Helps reduce reflux

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Lies in left hypochondrium, epigastric and umbilical region

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20
Q

Parts of colon

A 
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
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21
Q

Guarding

A

Muscles contract to guard abdominal organs when injury threatens
Occurs in peritonitis

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22
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs structure

A

Almost completley covered in visceral peritoneum

Minimally mobile

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23
Q

Intraperitoneal organs structure

A

Organs with a mesentery
Covered in visceral peritoneum
Mobile

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24
Q

Retroperitoneal organs structure

A

Only have visceral peritoneum on anterior surface

Located in retroperitoneum

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25
Q

Intrapertioneal organs

A 
Liver + gall bladder
Stomach
Spleen
Parts of SI
Transvers colon
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26
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A 
Kidneys
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ascending colon
Descending colon
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27
Q

Mesentery

A

Usually connects organ to posterior body wall

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28
Q

Omentum

A

Double layer of peritoneum that passes from stomach to adjacent organs

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29
Q

Peritoneal ligaments

A

Double layer of peritoneum connecting organs to one another or body wall

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30
Q

Ascites

A

Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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31
Q

Common causes of ascites

A

Cirrhosis

Portal hypertension

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32
Q

Procedure to drain ascitic fluid

A

Paracentesis

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33
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Needle placed lateral to rectus sheath

Avoids inferior gastric artery

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34
Q

Visceral pain

A

From organ

Dull, achy and nauseating

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35
Q

Somatic pain

A

From body wall,

Sharp, stabbing

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36
Q

How do sympathetic nerve fibres get to abdomen

A

Leave between T5 and L2, within abdominopelvic sphincter

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37
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres for adrenal gland leave spinal cord

A

T10-L1

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38
Q

Foregut oran problems tend to be painful in

A

Epigastric region

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39
Q

Midgut organ problems tend to be felt in

A

Umbilical region

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40
Q

Hindgut organ problems tend to be felt in

A

Pubic region

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41
Q

Thoracoabdominal nerves

A

7th-11th intercostal nerves

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42
Q

Subcostal nerve

A

T12 anteior

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43
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

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44
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve

A

other half of L1 anterior ramus

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45
Q

Where is appendicitis pain felt

A

Umbilical region

46
Q

Jaundice

A

Caused by an increase in blood levels of bilirubin

Yellowing of sclera and skin

47
Q

Bilirubin

A

Byproduct of breakdown of RBC

Used to form bile

48
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Set of tubes connecting liver to 2nd part of duodenum

49
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall baldder

50
Q

Liver

A

Largest organ in body
Located RUQ
4 anatomical lobes
8 functional lobes

51
Q

Porta hepatitis

A

Site of entrance for portal triad structures

52
Q

Each of the 8 segments contains

A

Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Bile drainage
Venous drainage

53
Q

Which vesels lack valves

A

IVC and hepatic vein

54
Q

Portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic arter
Bile duct

55
Q

Coeliac Trunk

A

First 3 midlines branches of aorta
Leaves aorta at T12 vertebral
Supplies foregut organs

56
Q

3 branches of coeliac trunk

A

Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery

57
Q

Where is bilirubin produced

A

Spleen

58
Q

Major blood supply of stomach

A

Right and left gastric arteries along lesser curvature

Right and left gastro-oemntal arteries along greater curvature

59
Q

Blood supply to liver

A

Right and left hepatic arteries
Hepatic portal vein
DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY

60
Q

Hetatorenal recess (Morrison’s Pouch)

A

One of lowest part of peritoneal cavity when patient is supine
Pus from abscess in the sub-phrenic recess can drain into Morrison’s Pouch when a patient is bedridden

61
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Drains blood from gut to liver
Formed by splenic vein (drains foregut) and superior mesenteric vein (drains midgut)
Inferior mesenteric vein (drains hindgut)

62
Q

IVC

A

Drains cleaned blood from hepatic veins to right atrium

63
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

64
Q

Narrowing of gallbladder is potential site for

A

gallstones

65
Q

Bile flows in and out of gallbladder via

A

Cystic ducts

66
Q

Blood supply of gallbladder

A

Cystic artery

Located in Cystohepatic Triangle of Calot

67
Q

Gallbladder pain will present in

A

Epigastric region or hypochondrium

68
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Surgical removal or gall bladder

69
Q

Right and left hepatic duct unite to form

A

Common hepatic duct

70
Q

Common hepatic duct unites with cystic duct to form

A

Common bile duct

71
Q

4 parts of duodenum

A

Superior (intraperitoneal)
Descending (retroperitoneal)
Horizontal (retroperitoneal)
Ascending (retroperitoneal)

72
Q

Where does the duodenum begin

A

Pyloric sphincter

73
Q

Where does the duodenum end

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

74
Q

Hormones duodenum secretes into blood

A

CCK and Gastrin

75
Q

Pain from duodenal ulcer appears in

A

epigastric region

76
Q

Head of pancreas

A

Surrounded by C shape formed by duodenum

77
Q

ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

A

Investigation to study biliary tree and pancreas
Endoscope inserted through oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and into duodenum
Cannula placed into major duodenal papilla and radio-opaque dye injected into biliary tree

78
Q

Jaundice

A 
Obstruction of biliary tree
- Gall stones
- Carcinoma at end of pancreas
Flow of bile back up to liver
Overspill into blood (including bilirubin)
79
Q

Grey-Turner’s Sign

A

Right or left flanks
Sign of jaundice
Looks like purple bruising

80
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

Around umbilicus

Purple bruising

81
Q

Colour of small intestine

A 
Jejunum = deep red
Ileum = light pink
82
Q

Wall of SI

A 
Jejunum = thick and heavy
Ileum = think and light
83
Q

Mesenteric fat of SI

A 
Jejunum = less
Ileum = more
84
Q

Circular folds of SI

A 
Jejunum = large, tall, closely packed folds
Ileum = low and sparse folds
85
Q

Peyer’s Patches only seen in

A

Ileum

86
Q

Blood supply of jejunum and ileum

A

Superior mesenteric artery via jejunal and ileal arteries

87
Q

Superior mesenteric vessels

A

Leave aorta at L1

88
Q

Lymph nodes draining abdomen

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Lumbar

89
Q

Paracolic gutters

A

Lie left and right

Between lateral edges of ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall

90
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Lies in left iliac fossa

Has long mesentery - allows movement

91
Q

Con of sigmoid colon

A

Movability = risk of twisting round on itself (sigmoid volvulus)
Bowel obstruction
Bowel at risk of infarction if left untreated

92
Q

3 midline branches of abdominal aorts

A

Celiac Trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

93
Q

Jejunal arteries

A

Longer vasa rectae

Larger and few arcades

94
Q

Ileum arteries

A

Shorter vasa rectae

Smaller many arcades

95
Q

Marginal Artery of Drummond

A

Arterial anastomoses between branches of SMA and IMA

Can help prevent ischaemia by providing alternative route blood can travel

96
Q

Splenic vein

A

Drains blood from foregut structure to hepatic portal vein

97
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

Drains blood from midgut structure to splenic vein

98
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Drains blood from hindgut structure to splenic vein

99
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Drains blood from foregut, midgut and hindgut to liver

100
Q

IVC

A

Drains cleaned blood from liver into right atrium

101
Q

3 sites of venous anastomoses

A

Distal end of oesophagus
Skin around umbilicus
Rectum/anal canal

102
Q

Sigmoid colon becomes rectum anterior to

A

S3

Recto-sigmoid junction

103
Q

Levator Ani Muscle

A

Made up of number of smaller muscles
Skeletal muscle
Provides continual support for pelvic organs - tonically contracted most of the time
Reflexively contracts to increase intra abdo pressure
Muscle relaxes to allow defecaetion
Supplied by ‘nerve to levator ami’ and ‘pudendal’

104
Q

Puborectalis

A

Part of levator ani

Contraction decreases anorectal angle, acting like sphincter

105
Q

Nerve supply to rectum/anal canal

A

T12-L2, S2-S4

106
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

Branch of sacral plexus
S2,S3,S4 anterior rami
Supplies external anal sphincter

107
Q

Pectinate lines

A

Marks junction between part of embryo which formed GI tract and part which formed skin

108
Q

Nerve supply above pectinate line

A

Autonomic

109
Q

Nerve supply below pectinate line

A

Somatic, pudendal

110
Q

Rectal varices

A

dilatation of collateral veins between portal and systemic venous system

111
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

Prolapses of rectal venous plexuses

112
Q

Ischional Fossae

A

Right and left of anal canal

Filled with fat and loose tissue

Phoebe's GI (24 decks)

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