Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Mastication
A
Chewing
2
Q
Deglutition
A
Swallowing
3
Q
Adult dentition
A
32 teeth
All erupted by 18
4 quadrants (upper left etc)
4
Q
Muscles of mastication
A
Temporalis close
Masseter close
Lateral pterygoid open
Medial pterygoid close
5
Q
Muscles of mastication supplied by
A
Trigeminal nerve
6
Q
Course of mandibular division of trigeminal nerves
A
From Pons
Thorugh Foramen Ovale
To muscles of mastication and sensory area
7
Q
What CN supplies salivary gland
A
CN VII
8
Q
Gag reflex
A
Sensory part = CN IX
Motor part = CN IX and CN X
9
Q
Extrinsic tongue muscles
A
Change position of tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
10
Q
Intrinsic tongue muscles
A
modify shape of tongue during function
11
Q
All tongue muscles are innervated by
A
CN XII
12
Q
Hypoglossal nerve course
A
From medulla
Through hypoglossal canal
To extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of tongue
13
Q
Pharynx innervated by
A
Vagus CN X
14
Q
Anatomy of swallowing
A
- Close lips to prevent drooling
- Tongue pushes bolus posteriorly towards oropharynx
- Pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract to push bolus towards oesophagus
- I
15
Q
Cervical constriction of oesophagus
A
Cricopharyngeus muscle
16
Q
Thoracic constriction of oesophagus
A
Arch of aorta
Left main bronchus
17
Q
Diaphragmatic constriction of oesophagus
A
Passes through diaphragm
Lower oesophageal sphincter
18
Q
Lower oesophageal sphincter
A
Helps reduce reflux
19
Q
Stomach
A
Lies in left hypochondrium, epigastric and umbilical region
20
Q
Parts of colon
A
Caecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon
21
Q
Guarding
A
Muscles contract to guard abdominal organs when injury threatens
Occurs in peritonitis
22
Q
Intraperitoneal Organs structure
A
Almost completley covered in visceral peritoneum
Minimally mobile
23
Q
Intraperitoneal organs structure
A
Organs with a mesentery
Covered in visceral peritoneum
Mobile
24
Q
Retroperitoneal organs structure
A
Only have visceral peritoneum on anterior surface
Located in retroperitoneum
25
Intrapertioneal organs
```
Liver + gall bladder
Stomach
Spleen
Parts of SI
Transvers colon
```
26
Retroperitoneal organs
```
Kidneys
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ascending colon
Descending colon
```
27
Mesentery
Usually connects organ to posterior body wall
28
Omentum
Double layer of peritoneum that passes from stomach to adjacent organs
29
Peritoneal ligaments
Double layer of peritoneum connecting organs to one another or body wall
30
Ascites
Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
31
Common causes of ascites
Cirrhosis
| Portal hypertension
32
Procedure to drain ascitic fluid
Paracentesis
33
Abdominocentesis
Needle placed lateral to rectus sheath
| Avoids inferior gastric artery
34
Visceral pain
From organ
| Dull, achy and nauseating
35
Somatic pain
From body wall,
| Sharp, stabbing
36
How do sympathetic nerve fibres get to abdomen
Leave between T5 and L2, within abdominopelvic sphincter
37
Where do sympathetic nerve fibres for adrenal gland leave spinal cord
T10-L1
38
Foregut oran problems tend to be painful in
Epigastric region
39
Midgut organ problems tend to be felt in
Umbilical region
40
Hindgut organ problems tend to be felt in
Pubic region
41
Thoracoabdominal nerves
7th-11th intercostal nerves
42
Subcostal nerve
T12 anteior
43
Iliohypogastric nerve
half of L1 anterior ramus
44
Ilioinguinal nerve
other half of L1 anterior ramus
45
Where is appendicitis pain felt
Umbilical region
46
Jaundice
Caused by an increase in blood levels of bilirubin
| Yellowing of sclera and skin
47
Bilirubin
Byproduct of breakdown of RBC
| Used to form bile
48
Biliary Tree
Set of tubes connecting liver to 2nd part of duodenum
49
Where is bile stored
Gall baldder
50
Liver
Largest organ in body
Located RUQ
4 anatomical lobes
8 functional lobes
51
Porta hepatitis
Site of entrance for portal triad structures
52
Each of the 8 segments contains
Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Bile drainage
Venous drainage
53
Which vesels lack valves
IVC and hepatic vein
54
Portal triad
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic arter
Bile duct
55
Coeliac Trunk
First 3 midlines branches of aorta
Leaves aorta at T12 vertebral
Supplies foregut organs
56
3 branches of coeliac trunk
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
57
Where is bilirubin produced
Spleen
58
Major blood supply of stomach
Right and left gastric arteries along lesser curvature
| Right and left gastro-oemntal arteries along greater curvature
59
Blood supply to liver
Right and left hepatic arteries
Hepatic portal vein
DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY
60
Hetatorenal recess (Morrison's Pouch)
One of lowest part of peritoneal cavity when patient is supine
Pus from abscess in the sub-phrenic recess can drain into Morrison's Pouch when a patient is bedridden
61
Hepatic portal vein
Drains blood from gut to liver
Formed by splenic vein (drains foregut) and superior mesenteric vein (drains midgut)
Inferior mesenteric vein (drains hindgut)
62
IVC
Drains cleaned blood from hepatic veins to right atrium
63
Function of gallbladder
Store and concentrate bile
64
Narrowing of gallbladder is potential site for
gallstones
65
Bile flows in and out of gallbladder via
Cystic ducts
66
Blood supply of gallbladder
Cystic artery
| Located in Cystohepatic Triangle of Calot
67
Gallbladder pain will present in
Epigastric region or hypochondrium
68
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal or gall bladder
69
Right and left hepatic duct unite to form
Common hepatic duct
70
Common hepatic duct unites with cystic duct to form
Common bile duct
71
4 parts of duodenum
Superior (intraperitoneal)
Descending (retroperitoneal)
Horizontal (retroperitoneal)
Ascending (retroperitoneal)
72
Where does the duodenum begin
Pyloric sphincter
73
Where does the duodenum end
Duodenojejunal flexure
74
Hormones duodenum secretes into blood
CCK and Gastrin
75
Pain from duodenal ulcer appears in
epigastric region
76
Head of pancreas
Surrounded by C shape formed by duodenum
77
ERCP
| Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Investigation to study biliary tree and pancreas
Endoscope inserted through oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and into duodenum
Cannula placed into major duodenal papilla and radio-opaque dye injected into biliary tree
78
Jaundice
```
Obstruction of biliary tree
- Gall stones
- Carcinoma at end of pancreas
Flow of bile back up to liver
Overspill into blood (including bilirubin)
```
79
Grey-Turner's Sign
Right or left flanks
Sign of jaundice
Looks like purple bruising
80
Cullen's sign
Around umbilicus
| Purple bruising
81
Colour of small intestine
```
Jejunum = deep red
Ileum = light pink
```
82
Wall of SI
```
Jejunum = thick and heavy
Ileum = think and light
```
83
Mesenteric fat of SI
```
Jejunum = less
Ileum = more
```
84
Circular folds of SI
```
Jejunum = large, tall, closely packed folds
Ileum = low and sparse folds
```
85
Peyer's Patches only seen in
Ileum
86
Blood supply of jejunum and ileum
Superior mesenteric artery via jejunal and ileal arteries
87
Superior mesenteric vessels
Leave aorta at L1
88
Lymph nodes draining abdomen
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Lumbar
89
Paracolic gutters
Lie left and right
| Between lateral edges of ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall
90
Sigmoid colon
Lies in left iliac fossa
| Has long mesentery - allows movement
91
Con of sigmoid colon
Movability = risk of twisting round on itself (sigmoid volvulus)
Bowel obstruction
Bowel at risk of infarction if left untreated
92
3 midline branches of abdominal aorts
Celiac Trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
93
Jejunal arteries
Longer vasa rectae
| Larger and few arcades
94
Ileum arteries
Shorter vasa rectae
| Smaller many arcades
95
Marginal Artery of Drummond
Arterial anastomoses between branches of SMA and IMA
| Can help prevent ischaemia by providing alternative route blood can travel
96
Splenic vein
Drains blood from foregut structure to hepatic portal vein
97
Superior mesenteric artery
Drains blood from midgut structure to splenic vein
98
Inferior mesenteric artery
Drains blood from hindgut structure to splenic vein
99
Hepatic portal vein
Drains blood from foregut, midgut and hindgut to liver
100
IVC
Drains cleaned blood from liver into right atrium
101
3 sites of venous anastomoses
Distal end of oesophagus
Skin around umbilicus
Rectum/anal canal
102
Sigmoid colon becomes rectum anterior to
S3
| Recto-sigmoid junction
103
Levator Ani Muscle
Made up of number of smaller muscles
Skeletal muscle
Provides continual support for pelvic organs - tonically contracted most of the time
Reflexively contracts to increase intra abdo pressure
Muscle relaxes to allow defecaetion
Supplied by 'nerve to levator ami' and 'pudendal'
104
Puborectalis
Part of levator ani
| Contraction decreases anorectal angle, acting like sphincter
105
Nerve supply to rectum/anal canal
T12-L2, S2-S4
106
Pudendal nerve
Branch of sacral plexus
S2,S3,S4 anterior rami
Supplies external anal sphincter
107
Pectinate lines
Marks junction between part of embryo which formed GI tract and part which formed skin
108
Nerve supply above pectinate line
Autonomic
109
Nerve supply below pectinate line
Somatic, pudendal
110
Rectal varices
dilatation of collateral veins between portal and systemic venous system
111
Haemorrhoids
Prolapses of rectal venous plexuses
112
Ischional Fossae
Right and left of anal canal
| Filled with fat and loose tissue
