Anatomy Flashcards
Human skeleton has ___ bones.
206
Number of bones in the axial skeleton.
80
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton.
126
First bone in body to ossify.
Clavicle.
Primary shoulder stabilizer in anterior translation with the arm abducted to 45 degrees.
Middle glenohumeral ligament.
Primary shoulder restraint in external rotation of the adducted arm.
Superior glenohumeral ligament.
Primary shoulder stabilizer for anterior and inferior translation in abduction.
Inferior glenohumeral ligament.
Intrinsic ligaments of the scapula (3).
- Superior transverse scapular ligament
- Inferior transverse scapular ligament
- Coracoacromial ligament
Muscles connecting the upper limb to the vertebral column (4).
- Trapezius
- Latissimus
- Rhomboid muscles
- Levator scapulae
Muscle connecting the upper limb to the thoracic wall (3).
- Pectoralis muscle
- Subclavius
- Serratus anterior
Roots contributing to the brachial plexus.
C5-T1
How cords of the brachial plexus are named.
Anatomic relationship to the axillary artery.
Brachial plexus lateral cord terminations (2).
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Lateral pectoral nerve
- Median nerve
Brachial plexus posterior cord terminations (5).
- Radial nerve
- Axillary nerve
- Upper subscapular nerve
- Lower subscapular nerve
- Thoracodorsal nerve
Brachial plexus medial cord terminations (5).
- Ulnar nerve
- Medial pectoral nerve
- Medial brachial cutaneous nerve
- Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
- Median nerve
Supraspinatus innervation.
Suprascapular nerve.
Infraspinatus innervation.
Suprascapular nerve.
Teres minor innervation.
Axillary nerve.
Subscapularis innervation.
Upper and lower subscapular nerves.
Suprascpular nerve roots.
C5,6
Axillary nerve roots.
C5,6
Erb-Duchenne palsy root involvement.
C5,6
Klumpke’s palsy root involvement.
C8,T1
Better prognosis, Erb-Duchenne palsy or Klumpke’s?
Erb-Duchenne
Serratus anterior muscle dysfunction results in this.
Medial scapular winging.
Trapezius muscle dysfunction results in this.
Lateral scapular winging.
Four branches of the thoracoacromial artery.
- Deltoid
- Acromial
- Pectoralis
- Clavicular
Two branches of axillary artery in Part II.
- Thoracoacromial
2. Lateral thoracic
Three branches of axillary artery in Part III.
- Subscapular
- Anterior humeral circumflex
- Posterior humeral circumflex
Subclavian artery becomes axillary artery here.
After passes under clavicle.
Relationship to this structure organizes classification of axillary artery.
Pectoralis minor.
Glenoid position relative to plane of scapula.
Retroverted 5 deg.
Spiral groove of humerus position relative to the articular surface of trochlea.
13cm proximal.
Strongest of all elbow ligaments.
Anterior bundle of medial ulnar collateral ligament.
Anterior bundle of medial ulnar collateral ligament taut during this range.
60 to full extension.
Components of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (3).
- Anterior bundle
- Transverse bundle
- Posterior bundle
Eponym of transverse bundle of ulnar collateral ligament.
Cooper.
This is the most important constraint against valgus force at the elbow.
Anterior bundle of medial ulnar collateral ligament.
Anterior bundle of ulnar collateral ligament attaches here.
18mm distal to tip of coronoid.
Deficiency of this results in posterolateral rotatory instability.
Lateral ulnar collateral ligament.
Borders of the quadrilateral space.
- Superior: teres minor
- Lateral: surgical neck of humerus
- Medial: long head of triceps
- Inferior: teres major
Structures in the quadrilateral space (2).
- Axillary nerve
2. Posterior humeral circumflex artery
Borders of the triangular space.
- Superior: teres minor
- Lateral: long head of triceps
- Medial: teres major
Borders of the triangular interval.
- Superior: teres major
- Lateral: shaft of humerus
- Medial: long head of triceps
Structures in the triangular interval (2).
- Radial nerve
2. Profunda brachii artery
Structure in the triangular space.
Circumflex scapular artery.
Radial nerve pierces the lateral intermuscular septum here in relation to the trochlea.
7.5cm proximal to trochlea.
Median nerve accompanies this structure in the arm.
Brachial artery.
Termination of the musculocutanous nerve.
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
Brachial artery bifurcates into these (2).
- Radial artery
2. Ulnar artery
Kocher interval to elbow.
Between anconeus (radial n.) and ECU (PIN).
Portals for elbow arthroscopy (3).
- Anterolateral portal
- Anteromedial portal
- Posteromedial portal
Structure at risk with anterolateral arthroscopy portal of elbow.
Radial nerve.
Structure at risk with anteromedial arthroscopy portal of elbow (2)
- Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
2. Median nerve
Distal radioulnar joint most stable in this position.
Supination.
Innervation of pronator teres.
Median nerve.
Innervation of flexor carpi radialis.
Median nerve.
Innervation of palmaris longus.
Median nerve.
Innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris.
Ulnar nerve.
Innervation flexor digitorum superficialis.
Median nerve.
Innervation of flexor digitorum profundus.
Median (AIN) and ulnar nerves
Innervation of flexor pollicis longus.
Median (AIN) nerve
Innervation of pronator quadratus.
Median (AIN) nerve
Innervation of brachioradialis.
Radial nerve.
Innervation of extensor carpi radialis longus.
Radial nerve.
Innervation of extensor carpi radlis brevis.
Radial nerve.
Innervation of anconeus.
Radial nerve.
Innervation of extensor digitorum.
PIN
Innervation of extensor digiti minimi.
PIN
Innervation of extensor carpi ulnaris.
PIN
Innervation of supinator.
PIN
Innervation of abductor pollicis longus.
PIN
Innervation of extensor pollicis brevis.
PIN
Innervation of extensor pollicis longus.
PIN
Innervation of extensor indicis proprius.
PIN
This nerve splits the supinator.
PIN
This nerve is located between the brachialis and brachioradialis.
Radial nerve
This nerve is located between the brachioradialis and ECRL.
Superficial radial nerve.
This nerve is located medial to the brachial artery at the elbow.
Median nerve.
This nerve splits the pronator teres.
AIN
This nerve is located between the FCU and FDP.
Ulnar nerve.
The ulnar nerve enters the forearm at this region.
Between two heads of the FCU.
Strongest supporting structure of the carpus.
Volar radiocarpal ligament.
Dorsal wrist compartment I contents.
APL, EPB
Dorsal wrist compartment II contents.
ECRL, ECRB
Dorsal wrist compartment III contents.
EPL
Dorsal wrist compartment IV contents.
EDC, EIP
Dorsal wrist compartment V contents.
EDM
Dorsal wrist compartment VI contents.
ECU
The EPB is located _____ to the APL tendon.
ulnar
This dorsal wrist tendon has multiple tendon slips.
APL
The ECRL tendon is located ____ to the ECRB tendon.
Radial.
The PIN is contained within the ____ dorsal wrist compartment.
IV
The anatomic snuffbox is bordered by tendons of the ___ and ___ dorsal wrist compartments.
- First
2. Third
Radial snuffbox border.
EPB tendon
Ulnar snuffbox border.
EPL tendon
The carpal tunnel contains ___ nerve and ____ tendons.
One nerve, Nine tendons.
Most critical pulley.
A2
This pulley is involved in trigger digits.
A1
These pulleys originate from the palmar plates of joints.
A1, A3, A5 pulleys
Innervation of abductor pollicis brevis.
Median nerve.
Innervation of opponens pollicis.
Median nerve.
Innervation of adductor pollicis.
Ulnar nerve.
Innervation of dorsal interossei.
Ulnar nerve.
Innervation of volar interossei.
Ulnar nerve.
Interval of the dorsal approach to the wrist.
Between third and fourth dorsal compartments.
Number of vertebrae.
33.
Number of cervical vertebrae.
7.
Number of thoracic vertebrae.
12.
Number of lumbar vertebrae.
5.
Spine level of mandible.
C2-3
Spine level of hyoid cartilage.
C3
Spine level of thyroid cartilage.
C4-5
Spine level of cricoid cartilage.
C6
Spine level of vertebra prominens.
C7
Spine level of scapular spine.
T3
Spine level of distal tip of scapula.
T7
Spine level of iliac crest.
L4-5
This spine articulation has highest percentage of neck flexion/extension.
Occiput-C1 articulation.
This spine articulation is responsible for majority of neck rotation.
C1-2
Carotid tubercle is found at this spine level.
C6
Defect in the pars interarticularis.
Spondylolysis.
Structures of anterior column of spine.
ALL, anterior 2/3 of annulus and vertebral body
Structures of the middle column of spine.
Posterior 1/3 of annulus and vertebral body, PLL
Structures of the posterior column of spine.
Pedicles, facets, facet capsules, spinous processes, interspinous ligaments, ligament flavum, supraspinous ligaments
Major stabilizer of the atlantoaxial joint.
Transverse ligament.
Annulus fibrosus composed of this type of collagen.
Type I.
Central nucleus pulposus made of this type of collagen.
Type II.
Intervertebral discs account for ____ of the total height of the spinal column
25%
Platysma innervation.
Cranial nerve VII.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle innervation.
Cranial nerve XI.
Function of dorsal columns (3).
- Deep touch
- Proprioception
- Vibratory sense
Dorsal columns: ascending or descending?
Ascending.
Function of lateral spinothalamic tracts (2).
- Pain
2. Temperature
Function of anterior spinothalamic tracts.
Light touch.
Function of lateral corticospinal tract.
Voluntary motor.
Lateral corticospinal tract: ascending or descending?
Descending.
Biceps reflex neurologic level.
C5
Brachioradialis reflex neurologic level.
C6
Triceps reflex neurologic level.
C7
Patellar reflex neurorogic level.
L4
Achilles reflex neurologic level.
S1
Deltoid muscle neurologic level.
C5
Wrist extension neurologic level.
C6
Wrist flexion neurologic level.
C7
Finger flexion neurologic level.
C8
Interossei neurologic level.
T1
Tibialis anterior neurologic level.
L4
Toe extensors neurologic level.
L5
Distance of C1 spinous process to vertebral artery laterally.
2cm
Supplies the interior 2/3 or anterior spinal cord.
Artery of Adamkiewicz
Hip extension neurologic level.
S1
Hip adduction neurologic level.
L2-4
Hip abduction neurologic level.
L5
Hip flexion neurologic level.
T12-L3
Knee flexion neurologic level.
L5,S1
Knee extension neurologic level.
L2-L4
Ankle dorsiflexion neurologic level.
L4,5
Ankle plantarflexion neurologic level.
S1,S2
AIIS is the origin of these two structures.
- Rectus femoris
2. Iliofemoral ligament
Inferior border of the greater sciatic foramen.
Sacrospinous ligament.
Most common neural injury at time of primary THA.
Peroneal division of sciatic nerve.
This nerve lies on the anteromedial surface of the psoas.
Genitofemoral nerve.
The femoral nerve lies between these two muscles most proximally.
Iliacus and psoas.
The LFCN exist the pelvis here.
Under lateral attachment of the inguinal ligament.
Borders of the femoral triangle.
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
- Inguinal ligament
The aorta branches into common iliacs here.
L4.
Common iliac vessels bifurcate here.
S1
This cruciate ligament of knee has an anteromedial bundle.
ACL
This cruciate ligament of the knee has an anterolateral bundle.
PCL
________ bundles of ACL and PCL are tight in flexion.
Anterior bundles.
Isolated injury to PCL causes the greatest instability at this degree of flexion.
90 deg
Isolated injury to the posterolateral corner causes greatest instability at this degree fo flexion.
30 deg
Muscles in anterior compartment of leg (4).
- Tibialis anterior
- EHL
- EDL
- Peroneus tertius
Muscles in lateral compartment of leg (2).
- Peroneus longus
2. Peroneus brevis
Muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of leg (2).
- gastroc-soleus complex
2. Plantaris
Muscles in the deep posterior compartment of leg (4).
- Popliteus
- FHL
- FDL
- Tibalis posterior
Primary blood supply to talar body.
Artery of the tarsal canal (posterior tibial artery).
Blood supply to talus consists of these three.
- Artery of tarsal canal (posterior tib.)
- Superior neck vessels (anterior tib.)
- Artery of the tarsal sinus (dorsalis pedis)
This tendon runs beneath the sustentaculum tali.
FHL
Initiator of hindfoot inversion during gait.
Posterior tibial tendon.
Two branches of the tibial nerve at the foot.
Medial and lateral plantar nerves.
Anterolateral ankle arthroscopy portal danger.
Dorsal intermediate cutaneous branch of SPN.
Anteromedial ankle arthroscopy portal danger.
Saphenous vein.
Lisfranc ligament connects these two bones.
Medial cuneiform to 2nd metatarsal.
Plantar heel spurs originate here.
In the flexor digitorum brevis.
