Anatomy Flashcards
Why cant you use anaesthetics containing adrenaline near nasal cartilage? (hyaline)
Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction which stops the cartilage receiving nutrients
What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?
Cribriform plate and crista galli.
What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Superior and middle conchae
What makes up the septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer
What are the 3 types of mucosa in the nose?
- Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- Respiratory epithelium
- Olfactory mucosa
What nerve supplies the anterosuperior nose?
Ophthalmic V1 from trigeminal nerve
What nerve supplies the posterioinferior nose?
Maxillary V2 from trigeminal nerve
Which facial blood supply comes from the internal carotid arteries?
Ophthalmic
What facial blood supplies come from the external carotid arteries?
Facial and Maxillary
What is Kiesselbach’s area?
An arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum
What is a meatus?
a space beneath each conchae
What sinuses are present?
- 2 frontal separated by bony septum
- 2 maxillae (antra)
- 2 ethmoid air cells
- 2 Sphenoidal sinuses
How does mucous drain into nasal cavities?
Via ostia in lateral walls of nasal cavities
Where does the frontal sinus drain into?
Middle meatus
Where does the ethmoidal cells drain into?
Superior and middle meatuses
Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?
Middle meatus
Where does lacrimal fluid drain into?
Nasolacrimal duct
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?
Inferior meatus of nasal cavity
Where can sinusitis pain be referred to?
Teeth
What can extraction of a tooth result in?
oro-antral fistula
What are the muscles of the mouth floor?
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
What surface of the tongue is the anterior (ventral)
The bottom
Top is dorsal
what vein is in the tongue?
Lingual vein
What is the lingual vein important?
drugs
GTN spray etc
What is being tongue tied?
When the frenulum is too short to move the tongue properly.
What are the 3 main salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
What does the parotid gland pierce into to get into the oral cavity
Buxanator muscle
what cranial nerve supplies the parotid gland?
IX - glossopharangea nerve
Where is the tongue?
Posterior wall of the oropharynx
What is the foramen caecum?
It is from the thyroid gland and is at the apex of the terminal groove
What can be located in the midline of the migratory path?
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Ectopic thyroid tissue
Where do thyroid swellings attached to the larynx move on swallowing?
Superiorly then inferiorly
What are the tongue muscles?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
What supplies the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve
Not palatoglossus, thats supplied by vagus
Which way will the tongue point when there’s a problem?
To the affected side
What’s the border between the lips and the skin called?
The vermillion border
Is there any bone in the soft palate?
No, muscle
What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
What supplies the soft palate muscles?
X vagus
Not the tensor as thats V3
Which way will the uvula move if there is a problem?
Away from the affected side
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
Circular (constrictor muscle X 3
Voluntary muscles
What supplies the palatopharynges and the salpingopharyngeus?
X vagus
What supplies the stylopharyngeus?
IX glossopharyngeal
What is the adenoid?
The pharyngeal tonsil
Where is the access point for cricothyroid puncture?
Cricothyroid membrane
Where is the larynx?
Between C4 and C6
What type of muscle is trachealis?
smooth muscle
What movement does the capsule to the right of the cricothyroid joint allow?
Nodding
What is the trachealis part of?
Posterior wall of trachea?
What does cricoid pressure allow?
ventilation
Oesophagus gets pressed against C6 prevemting aspiration/regurg
Where does the vocal chords attach to?
thyroid cartilage
Vocal process of arytenoid cartilages
Where is the laryngoscope inserted to?
Vallecula
What type of epithelium mainly makes up the larynx?
Respiratory epithelium
What cells line the vocal cords?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Where do the cilia sweep mucous towards?
The pharynx
What supplies all of the laryngeal mucosa sensory innervation?
Vagus nerves X
What innervates superior to the vocal cords?
Superior laryngeal branch
What innervates vocal cord and below?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
What muscles tense the vocal cords?
Cricothyroid muscles
What muscles relax the vocal cords?
thyro-arytenoid muscles
What muscles adduct the vocal cords?
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
What muscles abduct the vocal cords?
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
How can you test the vagus nerve?
Ask patient to sip water and watch larynx move. do they sputter?
Listen to the voice - is it hoarse?
Ask them to cough - is it normal or powerful?
