Anatomy Flashcards
point to the root, dorm, tip, ala, nostril, septum of nose and philtre of upper lip
x
should you use adrenaline containing anaesthetics near the nasal cartilages?
naaaah
what bone is particularly important in the nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
what is the top of the ethmoid called
cribriform plate and crista galli
what is the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone called
superior and middle conchae, ethmoid air cells and orbital plate
what makes up the septal plate
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer
what is le fort fracture 1
along maxilla
what is le fort 2
nasal bone, maxilla
le fort three
includes temporal, sphenoid, maxilla and nasal
can le fort fractures 1,2,3 cause spread of infection
no- only 2 and 3 can
why is a septal haematoma incised and drained?
prevents AVN of septal hyaline cartilage which relies in nutrients from nasal mucosa
What kind of mucosa would you find in the vestibule of the nasal cavity
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
what is the largest mucosa of the nasal cavity
respiratory- pseudostratified, columnar with cilia and goblet cells
what mucosa makes up the nasal cavity next to the sphenoid
olfactory mucosa
what is the olfactory nerve
special sensory
What nerve supplies the superior half of the nasal cavity
V1- opthalmic
what nerve supplies the posterior part of nasal cavity
V2- maxillary
what blood supply arises from external carotid artery
facial and maxillary
what blood supply arises from internal carotid arteries
opthalmic
what are branches of the ophthalmic artery
anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
what are branches of the maxillary artery
sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries
what arises form the facial artery
lateral nasal branch of facial or septal branch of superior labial artery depending on how you look at it
what is important about kiesselbachs area?
an arterial anastomosis on nasal septum- common cause of nosebleeds
what are the spaces below each conchae called (4)
meatus- sphenoethmoidal, superior, middle, inferior
what is paranasal sinus
air filled spaces within bone
name the 7/8 paranasal sinuses
2x frontal bone, 2x maxillary sinuses, 2x ethmoid air cells, 1/2x sphenoid sinuses
what are the paranasal sinuses lined by
mucous secreting respiratory mucosa
where does the sphenoid sinus drain into
sphenoethmoidal recess
where does the lacrimal gland sit
just below outer eye brow
where does the lacrimal gland drain into
nasolacrimal duct
what is sinusitis
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
what are some causes of sinusitis
infection, allergy, autoimmune issues
where can sinusitis pain be referred to
teeth
what does the temporal bone contain
organs of hearing and balance, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
What is the pterion
the thinnest part of the skull
what CN exits in the anterior fossa
CN1
which nerves exit the middle fossa (7)
CN2 (optic nerve), CN3 (oculomotor), CN4- trochlear, CN6-abducent CN5.1- trigeminal opthalmic CNV2- maxillary, CN3- mandibular
which nerves exit the posterior fossa
CNVII- Facial nerve, CN VIII vestibulocochlear, CN IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus, XI accessory, XII hypoglossal
what makes up the external ear
temporal bone, elastic cartilage (avascualr, nutrients from skin)
What is the middle part of the external ear called
external acoustic meatus
what are the three landmarks on the ear called
triages, helix and ear lobe
which nerve innervates most of external ear
C2,3
What does the CNX and CNV3 supply?
EAM and tympanic membrane
where does the lymph in lateral superior half of auricle drain to
parotid lymph nodes
where does the cranial surface of superior half drain to
mastoid lymph nodes
where does the auricle lymph drain to
superficial lymph nodes
what is involved in a otoscopic examination
EAM and tympanic membrane
how do you straighten EAM in a child
pull the ear down nd back
how do you straighten ear in adults
Up and back
what is the most depressed part in the upper ear
the umbo
what supplies the tympanic membrane?
V3, IX
what does the eustachian tube do
connects middle ear to the nasopharynx
what can mimic ear ache
tonsilitis and pharyngitis
what joint connects the 3 ossicles
synovial joint
name a branch of the facial nerve
chords tympanii
what does the chords tympanii do?
anterior 2/3rd of tongue
what does the stapedius do
protect inner ear from excessive noise
what 2 things do V3 supply
facial expression and sublingual salivary glands
what is the circular muscle called that surrounds the eye
orbicularis oculi
what 4 things can you ge the patient to do to test he function of the facial expression muscles
frown, close eyes tightly, smile, puff out cheeks
what shape of a window opens into the internal acoustic meatus
oval
which part of vestibulocochlear controls the hearing
cochlear
which part of vestibulocochlear contains the balance
vestibular
what symptoms would you get with CNVIII damage
loss of facial expression, taste, dry mouth, reduced sensation in auricle
What symptoms would you get with CNVIII damamge
loss of hearing and or balance
where is the anterior surface of the tongue
when tongue is lifted up it is there
point to the frenulum
x
what do sublingual papillae do
open for ducts of submandibular salivary glands
where do you find the lingual vein
on ventral side of tongue
where are sublingual folds
under tongue either side of the frenulum
what are the 3 major salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
where od you find the parotid gland
infront of your ear
what does the parotid duct pierce through
buccinator then opens on the parotid papilla
where is the submandibular gland
onto e side of mandible, opens on the sublingual papilla
where is the sublingual gland?
underneath the tongue
what is the muscle of the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
what does the chords tympanii branch “hitch a ride onto”
CNV3 branch called the lingual nerve
What supplies the sublingual salivary gland?
CNVII
what supplies the submandibular gland?
CN VII parasympathetic axons
What supplies the muscles of facial expression
CNVII
What supplies the parotid gland
parasympathetic innervation of CN IX, then ‘hitches a ride’ on CNV3 (auriculotemporal branch)
what mucosa is the tongue covered in
lingual mucosa
What is the general sensory supply of the anterior 2/3rd of tongue
CN V3,
what is the special sensory supply of anterior 2/3 tongue?
CN VII
is the posterior 1/3 tongue in the oral cavity?
nahhh
what is the general nd sensory supply in the posterior tongue?
CN IX
what significance does th foramen caecum have?
origin of thyroid gland
what do the valuate papillae contain?
taste buds
where would thyroglossal duct cysts and ectopic thyroid tissue be located?
in midline of thyroid
what 4 muscles suspend the tongue?
palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus
what do the extrinsic tongue muscles do?
change position of tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
which compartment of skull can the hypoglossal nerve be found
occipital bone
what does the CNXII supply
most muscles of the tongue
how do you test the function of CNXII
stick tongue straight out
what is the blood supply to the tongue
lingual artery (look for the loop)
where would you find palatine tonsils
between he arches of soft palate
what feature do you find on the palatine bones?
palatal rugae
what are the 4 pairs of muscles that innervate the soft palate
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
what supplies the skeletal muscles of the soft palate
CN X excepts tensor veli palatine which is CNV3
How do you test the nerves that supply the soft palate muscles (CN X and CNV3)
ask patient to say aaaah
what is the circular layers at back of pharynx innervated by
CN X
what do the circular muscles of the pharynx insert on to?
midline raphe
what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
what nerve supply do the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles have?
CN IX for stylopharyngess and palatopharyngeus and CNX for Salpingopharyngeus
where do you find lingual tonsil
posterior 1/3 of tongue
where are tubal tonsils
in the mucosa of eustachian tube opening
where are th phalangeal tonsil “adenoid”
in roof of nasopharynx
what drains into the submental lymph nodes
tip of the tongue
what drains into the submandibular nodes?
nasal cavity and oral cavity
what drains into the retropharyngeal nodes?
nasal conchae
what does the jugulo-digastric node drain/
palatine tonsils
what encloses the larynx?
pre tracheal fascia of neck
in what vertebrae does the larynx lie between?
C4-C6
what level does the hyoid bone sit at
C3
where does the cricothyroid cartilage sit
C6
at what level does the larynx become the phaeynx
C6
what is the muscle called that completes the posterior wall of the trachea
trachealis
where does the arytenoid cartilage sit
posterior larynx, beneath the epiglottis
when pressing on the cricoid cartilage what do you compress
oesophagus
what do vocal cords attach between
the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage
what is the space through the vocal cords called
rima glottidis
what is most of the larynx mucosa mad cup of
respiratory epithelium
what is the vocal cords mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
what is the superior surface of the vocal cords called
false vocal cords
what is the sensory innervation of the laryngeal mucosa
vagus nerve
what specifically supplies the false vocal cords
superior laryngeal branches of CNX
what supplies the true vocal cords
recurrent laryngeal branches of CNX
hat kind of innervation dose the vagus nerve supply to larynx
sensory and motor
what are the intrinsic muscles of larynx supplied by
motor branches of the vagus nerve
what do the cricothyroid muscles do
tense the vocal cords, nod the thyroid cartilage
what do the thyro- arytenoid muscles do
relax vocal cords and pull arytenoid cartilage towards thyroid
what do crico-arytenoid muscles do
adduct vocal cords
what do posterior crico-arytenoid muscles do
abduct the vocal cords, wine rims glottides
what muscles are used for phonation
arytenoids
what muscle is involved in whispering
lateral circa-arytenoids
what muscles are used for inspiration
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
what CN are important in articulating words
CN V3, X, VII and XII
how to test vagus nerve
swallow water, hoarse voice? cough
