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opthalmology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the outer layer of the eye

A

sclera - muscle attachment

cornea - 2/3 of refractive power

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2
Q

what is the outer layer of the eye

A

fibrous

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3
Q

what is the middle layer of the eye

A

uvea

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4
Q

what are the three parts of the uvea

A
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
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5
Q

what is the anterior segment divided into

A
  • anterior chamber

- posterior chamber

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6
Q

what does the posterior segment contain

A

-vitreous body

vitreous humour

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7
Q

what is a catact

A

clouding of the lens

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8
Q

what is in the ciliary body

A
  • smooth muscle and blood vessels

- ciliary processes secrete aqueous

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9
Q

what does the aqueous circulates do

A

nourishes lens

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10
Q

what is the process of the circulation of aqueous

A
  • ciliary body
  • aqueous circulates
  • aqueous then passes through pupil
  • aqueous reabsorbed (into scleral venous sinus)
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11
Q

which vessels supplys most of the blood to the eye

A

the opthalmic aartery

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12
Q

what is an end artery

A

an artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if arterial occlusion occurs

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13
Q

which veins do most of the venous drainage of the eye

A

the superior and inferior opthalmic vein

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14
Q

what is the retina made of

A
  • fundus
  • optic disc
  • macula
  • fovea
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15
Q

function of optic disc

A
  • point of CN II formation
  • only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and axons of CN II
  • blind spot
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16
Q

what is the fundus

A

-posterior area where light is focused

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17
Q

what is the macula

A

greatest density of cones

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18
Q

what is the fovea

A
  • centre of macula

- area of most acute vision

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19
Q

what does complete interruption retinal artery branch/retinal vein mean

A

loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

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20
Q

what does a complete interruption of flow of the central artery or vein cause

A

monocular blindness

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21
Q

what is light from objects in the right visual field going to be processed by

A

the left primary visual cortex

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22
Q

what are light objects in the lower visual field going to be processed by

A

the upper part of the primary visual cortex

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23
Q

movement of vertical axis

A

abduction/adduction

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24
Q

which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland

A

CN VII

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25
Q

describe the journey of the lacrimal fluid

A
  • produced by lacrimal gland
  • wash over eye
  • pushed towards medial angle
  • drains through lacrimal puncta
  • eventually reaches inferior meatus
26
Q

what are the 4 rectus muscles

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
27
Q

what are the two oblique muscles

A
  • superior oblique

- inferior oblique

28
Q

which muscle is inbetween the superior oblique and the superior rectus

A

the levator palpebrae superioris

29
Q

where do all rectus muscles originate from

A

-common tendinous ring

30
Q

where do all rectus muscles insert onto

A

sclera

31
Q

where does the superior oblique muscle originate from

A

the sphenoid bone

32
Q

where does the inferior oblique originate from

A

orbital plate of maxilla

33
Q

where do the oblique muscles insert onto

A

sclera

34
Q

where does the lesser palpebrae superioris originate from

A

lesser wing of sphenoid

35
Q

where does the levator palpebrae superioris insert onto

A

skin and tarus of superior eyelid

36
Q

innervation of the ocular muscles

A

lateral rectus - CN VI
superior oblique - CN IV
all others - CN III

LR6 SO4 AO3

37
Q

what can raised intra-ocular pressure cause

A

ischaemia of the retina and glaucoma

38
Q

where is aqueous reabsorbed into

A

scleral venous sinus at iridocorneal angle

39
Q

are there any photoreceptors in the optic disc

A

no

40
Q

movement of the transverse axis

A

elevation/depression

41
Q

movement of the anteroposterior axis

A

intorsion/extorsion

42
Q

what does the lateral rectus do

A

can only abduct the eyeball

-brings line of gaze into same plane as superior rectus and inferior rectus

43
Q

which nerve innervates the lateral rectus

A

CN VI (abducent)

44
Q

which nerve innervates the superior rectus

A

CN III (occulomotor)

45
Q

function of the superior rectus

A

when in abduction, SR can only elevate

46
Q

function of inferior rectus

A

when in abduction, IR can only depress

47
Q

function of the medial rectus

A

can only adduct eyeball

48
Q

function of inferior oblique

A

when in adduction, IO can only elevate

49
Q

function of superior oblique

A

when in adduction, SO can only depress

50
Q

which muscles purely elevate the eyes

A

superior rectus and inferior oblique

51
Q

which muscles purely depress the eyes

A

superior oblique and inferior rectus

52
Q

what are meninges

A

protective coverings of brain and spinal cord

53
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
54
Q

features of the dura mater

A
  • hard mother
  • sensory supply from CN V
  • encloses dural venous sinuses
55
Q

features of the arachnoid mater

A
  • spidery mother

- arachnoid granulations

56
Q

what is in the subarachnoid space

A

circulating CSF and blood vessels

57
Q

features of the pia mater

A
  • faithful mother

- adheres to brain

58
Q

label this diagram

A
59
Q

where does a lumbar puncture have to be to access the subarachnoid space

A

L3/4 of L4/5 IV disc levels to obtain a sample of CSF

60
Q

where does the subarachnoid space end

A

inferiorly at vertebral level S2

61
Q

what is the circulation of CSF

A
  • secreted by choroid plexus
  • from right and left lateral ventricles
  • and then into third ventricle
  • then via cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
  • then mainly into the subarachnoid space
  • then reabsorbed via the arachnoid granulations
  • into the dural venous sinuses

opthalmology (16 decks)

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