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opthalmology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the outer layer of the eye

A

sclera - muscle attachment

cornea - 2/3 of refractive power

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2
Q

what is the outer layer of the eye

A

fibrous

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3
Q

what is the middle layer of the eye

A

uvea

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4
Q

what are the three parts of the uvea

A
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
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5
Q

what is the anterior segment divided into

A
  • anterior chamber

- posterior chamber

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6
Q

what does the posterior segment contain

A

-vitreous body

vitreous humour

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7
Q

what is a catact

A

clouding of the lens

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8
Q

what is in the ciliary body

A
  • smooth muscle and blood vessels

- ciliary processes secrete aqueous

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9
Q

what does the aqueous circulates do

A

nourishes lens

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10
Q

what is the process of the circulation of aqueous

A
  • ciliary body
  • aqueous circulates
  • aqueous then passes through pupil
  • aqueous reabsorbed (into scleral venous sinus)
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11
Q

which vessels supplys most of the blood to the eye

A

the opthalmic aartery

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12
Q

what is an end artery

A

an artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if arterial occlusion occurs

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13
Q

which veins do most of the venous drainage of the eye

A

the superior and inferior opthalmic vein

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14
Q

what is the retina made of

A
  • fundus
  • optic disc
  • macula
  • fovea
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15
Q

function of optic disc

A
  • point of CN II formation
  • only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and axons of CN II
  • blind spot
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16
Q

what is the fundus

A

-posterior area where light is focused

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17
Q

what is the macula

A

greatest density of cones

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18
Q

what is the fovea

A
  • centre of macula

- area of most acute vision

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19
Q

what does complete interruption retinal artery branch/retinal vein mean

A

loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

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20
Q

what does a complete interruption of flow of the central artery or vein cause

A

monocular blindness

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21
Q

what is light from objects in the right visual field going to be processed by

A

the left primary visual cortex

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22
Q

what are light objects in the lower visual field going to be processed by

A

the upper part of the primary visual cortex

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23
Q

movement of vertical axis

A

abduction/adduction

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24
Q

which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland

A

CN VII

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25
describe the journey of the lacrimal fluid
- produced by lacrimal gland - wash over eye - pushed towards medial angle - drains through lacrimal puncta - eventually reaches inferior meatus
26
what are the 4 rectus muscles
- superior rectus - inferior rectus - medial rectus - lateral rectus
27
what are the two oblique muscles
- superior oblique | - inferior oblique
28
which muscle is inbetween the superior oblique and the superior rectus
the levator palpebrae superioris
29
where do all rectus muscles originate from
-common tendinous ring
30
where do all rectus muscles insert onto
sclera
31
where does the superior oblique muscle originate from
the sphenoid bone
32
where does the inferior oblique originate from
orbital plate of maxilla
33
where do the oblique muscles insert onto
sclera
34
where does the lesser palpebrae superioris originate from
lesser wing of sphenoid
35
where does the levator palpebrae superioris insert onto
skin and tarus of superior eyelid
36
innervation of the ocular muscles
lateral rectus - CN VI superior oblique - CN IV all others - CN III LR6 SO4 AO3
37
what can raised intra-ocular pressure cause
ischaemia of the retina and glaucoma
38
where is aqueous reabsorbed into
scleral venous sinus at iridocorneal angle
39
are there any photoreceptors in the optic disc
no
40
movement of the transverse axis
elevation/depression
41
movement of the anteroposterior axis
intorsion/extorsion
42
what does the lateral rectus do
can only abduct the eyeball | -brings line of gaze into same plane as superior rectus and inferior rectus
43
which nerve innervates the lateral rectus
CN VI (abducent)
44
which nerve innervates the superior rectus
CN III (occulomotor)
45
function of the superior rectus
when in abduction, SR can only elevate
46
function of inferior rectus
when in abduction, IR can only depress
47
function of the medial rectus
can only adduct eyeball
48
function of inferior oblique
when in adduction, IO can only elevate
49
function of superior oblique
when in adduction, SO can only depress
50
which muscles purely elevate the eyes
superior rectus and inferior oblique
51
which muscles purely depress the eyes
superior oblique and inferior rectus
52
what are meninges
protective coverings of brain and spinal cord
53
what are the 3 layers of meninges
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
54
features of the dura mater
- hard mother - sensory supply from CN V - encloses dural venous sinuses
55
features of the arachnoid mater
- spidery mother | - arachnoid granulations
56
what is in the subarachnoid space
circulating CSF and blood vessels
57
features of the pia mater
- faithful mother | - adheres to brain
58
label this diagram
59
where does a lumbar puncture have to be to access the subarachnoid space
L3/4 of L4/5 IV disc levels to obtain a sample of CSF
60
where does the subarachnoid space end
inferiorly at vertebral level S2
61
what is the circulation of CSF
- secreted by choroid plexus - from right and left lateral ventricles - and then into third ventricle - then via cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle - then mainly into the subarachnoid space - then reabsorbed via the arachnoid granulations - into the dural venous sinuses

opthalmology (16 decks)

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