ANAT101A MIDTERMS Flashcards
Basic structural and functional unit of life
Cell
Sum total of physical and chemical processes
Metabolism
Constructive phase of metabolism
Anabolism
Destructive phase of metabolism
Catabolism
All cells in the body except sperm and egg
Somatic cells
Sperm cell and egg cell are ___ cells.
Germ cells
Resting phase of cell division
Interphase
Part of interphase where the DNA is being synthesized
S phase
Part of interphase where the cell is ready to enter cell division
G2 phase
Part of interphase where it covers all the events before the actual DNA synthesis
G1 phase
What phase is the condensation of nuclear materials?
Prophase
Phase where sister chromatid will attach to spindle fibers of opposite poles
Anaphase
In prophase, nuclear materials become larger and lighter. True or False?
False
Nuclear membrane dissolves in prophase while nucleolus doesn’t. True or False?
False
It is a cell part contained within nucleus and contains RNA.
Nucleolus
What plane do chromosomes ligned up at metaphase?
Equatorial Plane
How many dadughter cells are formed in the whole cell division phase (mitosis)?
Two daughter cells
It is the division of nucleus.
Karyokinesis
What phase does karyokinesis occur?
Anaphase
It is the division of cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
What phase/s does cytokinesis occur?
Late prophase to telophase
Nuclear barrier limiting the passage of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Nuclear membrane
Type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate.
SER
It synthesizes, protein, lipid, steroid and carbohydrates.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Principal barrier regulating inflow/outflow of cytoplasmic activities.
Cell membrane
Cell wall is more ridgid than cell membrane. True or False?
True
Helps in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division.
Centriole
It contains DNA
Nucleus
Mitochondrion produces ATP through?
Krebs Cycle
Packaging center of cell
Golgi apparatus
Cell part that synthesizes protein.
Ribosomes
It contains DNA
Chromosome
These parts synthesize protein except:
1. RER
2. Bounded Ribosomes
3. SER
4. RNA
5. Free Ribosomes
SER
Type of ribosome suspended in cytoplasm.
Free ribosomes
Type of ribosome attached on the wall of RER.
Bounded ribosomes
Vacuole is storage for ___ and ___.
Starches and glycogen.
Large central vacuole is usually present in animal cell. True or False?
False
When vacuole is present in animal cell, it serves to store what?
Minerals, proteins, and pigments
Type of ribosome intended for external use.
Bounded ribosomes
Bounded ribosome exits the cell in the form of ___.
Protein hormone
It contains the cell organelles.
Cytoplasm
It is the study of normal body parts.
Anatomy
It is the study of normal body functions.
Physiology
Methods and techniques applied in animal production
Zootechniques
An aggregate/ group of cells with similar and coordinated functions from body tissues.
Tissues
The study of microbes
Microbiology
There can be no organism without?
Cells
Give the five microbes that have uncertain taxonomic classification.
Mycoplasma, ureaplasma, ricketsia, anaplasma, and chlamydia
The study of parasites
Parasitology
The five microbes that have uncertain taxonomic classification are usually treated by ___.
Tetracycline
The study of reflections of body responses to injuries
Pathology
Father of physiology
William Harvey
Nature, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal diseases.
Medicine and surgery
The study of drugs
Pharmacology
Father of veterinary medicine
Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Father of taxonomy
Carolus Von Linnaeus
Father of modern bacteriology
Robert Koch
Grandfather of pharmacology
Paracelsus
Discovered the double helical stand of DNA
Watson and Crick
Father of comparative anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Father of modern pathology
Rudolf Virchow
Discovered cells
Robert Hooke
Father of modern microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Father of evolution
Charles Darwin
Father of modern parasitology
Rudolf Leuckart
Father of embryology
Karl Earns von Baer
Proponents of cellular theory of life
Matthias Schleiden
Theodore Schwann
What is the first antibiotic?
Salvarsan/Compound 606
Salvarsan/Compound 606 is used to treat?
Syphilis
Father of human anatomy
Galen/Galenus Von Perganon
Who made the first antibiotic?
Paul Ehrlich
Why is William Harvey the father of physiology?
He discovered blood circulation
Date when cells were discovered
1665
Penicillin is for what type of bacteria?
Gram + bacteria
Date when the double helical strand of DNA was discovered
1953
Date when the first antibiotic was discovered
1910
Selman Waksman made what medicinal compound?
Streptomycin
Streptomycin is for what type of bacteria?
Gram - bacteria
Date when blood circulation was discovered
1628
Nowadays, ___ is used rather than streptomycin.
Gentamycin/Gentamicin
Nowadays, ___ is used rather than penicillin.
Vancomycin
Matthias Schleiden is a botanist. True or False?
True
Branch of natural science which deals with animal parts.
Veterinary Anatomy
Sub-branch of veterinary anatomy which deals with the interrelationships between anatomical forms and body functions.
Morphophysiology
Sub-branch of veterinary anatomy which deals with the forms and structures of animals.
Morphology
Branch of veterinary anatomy that deals with embryonic and fetal development of organisms.
Embryology
Sub-branch of veterinary anatomy which deals with the anatomical forms emphasized in distinguishing characteristics.
Morphoanatomy
Study of visceral organs
Splanchnology
Branch of veterinary anatomy that deals with animal parts visible to the eye
Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy
Study of circulatory system
Angiology
Study of bones
Osteology
Study of special senses
Aethesiology
Study of nervous structures
Neurology
Study of joins and articulations
Arthrology
Study of muscles
Myology
Other term for frontal plane of section
Coronal/Dorsal plane
Other term for sagittal plane of section
Tangential
Other term for transverse plane of section
Horizontal/Cross-sectional
Other term for longitudinal median plane of section
Mid-sagittal
Topographical term pertaining to the lower side
Ventral
Topographical term pertaining to parts facing the head
Anterior/cranial
Topographical term pertaining to cranial end of the head
Rostral
Topographical term pertaining to the parts facing the tail
Posterior/caudal
Topographical term pertaining to the head
Cephalic
Topographical term pertaining to the upper side
Dorsal
Topographical term pertaining to the parts facing the tail
Posterior/caudal
Topographical term pertaining to limbs/extremities away from the midline
Distal
Topographical term pertaining to limbs/extremities’ surface near the midline
Medial
Topographical term pertaining to limbs/extremities near the midline
Proximal
Topographical term pertaining to limbs/extremities’ surface far from the midline
Lateral
Topographical term pertaining to internal organ’s uppermost
Superior
Topographical term pertaining to internal organ’s undermost/under parts toward the tail
Inferior
Topographical term pertaining to solid organ’s outer/peripheral region
Superficial/Optical/Cortex
Topographical term pertaining to solid organ’s inner/central region
Medulla/Medullary
Dorsal surface of manus and pes
Volar
Ventral surface of manus
Palmar
Ventral surface of pes
Plantar
Teeth surface facing the tongue/inside
Lingual
Teeth surface facing the lips/outside
Labial
Top surface of teeth
Occlusal
Chromosome number of rat
42
Chromosome number of donkey
62
Chromosome number of pig
38
Chromosome number of rabbit
44
Chromosome number of hen
77
Chromosome number of rooster
78
Chromosome number of sheep
54
Chromosome number of horse
64
Chromosome number of goldfish
94
Chromosome number of hamster
44
Chromosome number of mouse
40
Chromosome number of cattle
60
Chromosome number of goat
60
Chromosome number of dog
78
Chromosome number of cat
38
Chromosome number of elephant
56
Chromosome number of dove
16
Chromosome number of barbary sheep
58
Chromosome number of guinea pig
16
Chromosome number of mule
63
Chromosome number of hinny
63
Any concavities from the surface of the bone
Depression
Any holes on the bone
Perforation
Any projecting/protruding part from the surface of bone
Prominence/Eminence/Projection
Give the bones that are classified as non-articular depressions.
Fossa, groove, sulcus, impression
Give the bones that are classified as articular projections.
Head, condyle, facet
Give the bones that are classified as non-articular projections.
Tuberosity, tubercle, trochanter, spine, line, crest, ridge
Applied to articular surfaces of small extent, specially when they are not extremely concave or condensed.
Facet
Give the bones that are classified as articular depressions.
Trochlea, glenoid cavity, cotyloid cavity/acetabulum, fovea
Large round non-articular projection that is usually prominent/found in large animal’s humerus.
Tuberosity
Found at the end of the femur and applied to few non-articular prominence.
Trochanter
Articular eminence that is somewhat cylindrical.
Condyle
Small rounded non-articular projection and is usually prominent, found in small animals’ humerus.
Tubercle
Line and crest are classified as ___.
Ridges
Rounded articular enlargement at the end of the bone.
Head
Pointed non-articular projection found at the vertebrae and is most prominent.
Spine
A classification of ridges that is prominent and sharp.
Crest
A shallow articular depression in contrast to cotyloid cavity.
Glenoid cavity
Refers to small or very small ridge found at the medial aspect of the scapula.
Line
Found at the distal extremity of femur and and is pully-like structure.
Trochlea
Glenoid cavity articulates with what particular bone?
Head of the humerus
These are non-articular depressions found usually at a portion of the skull and brain.
Sulcus
Patella is connected to what bone?
Trochlea
A deeper articular depression that articulates with the head of the femur.
Cotyloid/Acetabulum
Small depression on the head of the femur.
Fovea
A long non-articular depression and present in the proximal to distal extremities of the rib.
Groove
Ridges/projections in between sulci
Gyrus/Gyri
A large non-articular depression.
Fossa
Depression formed by mechanical compression.
Impression
Sulci can be present without gyuri. True or False?
False
Shorter, relatively small opening/perforation
Foramen
A larger opening or perforation
Fissure
Longer perforation or opening
Canal
A collecting ridge or projection
Jugum/Juga
Constricted part which connects the head to the main body/shaft of the bone.
Neck
A constricted part connecting a process to the body or arch to the body of bones.
Notch
A hollow boney structure
Bulla/Bullae
Pertains to the ends/extremities of the bone.
Epiphysis
Body/shaft of bone
Diaphysis
Site of growth of the bone
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal plate is made up of?
Hyaline cartilage
Junction between diaphysis and epiphysis.
Metaphysis
What is the growth hormone?
Somatotropin
It secretes growth hormone.
Pars-distalis of adenohypophysis
Part of bone that houses the bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Inner lining of bone
Endosteum
Outer lining of bone
Periosteum
Bone marrow is the principal site for ___.
Haemopoiesis/blood cell formation
This is the stem cell responsible for blood cell formation.
Pleuripotential haemapoietic stem cell (PHSC)
These are the two stem cells derived from PHSC.
Myloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell.
Myloid stem cell is responsible for the production of?
RBC, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets
Lymphoid stem cell is responsible for the production of?
Lymphocytes
Granulocytes are further divided into?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Hard bone tissue
Compact bone
It lies to the epiphyseal ends.
Articular cartilages
In young mammals, ___ bones is responsible for RBC formation.
Long
Perforation or opening that allows nutrients to enter the bone.
Nutrient foramen
This is the division of skeletal system pertaining to anterior and posterior limbs.
Appendicular skeleton
Splanchnic skeleton anomaly in female cats.
Os clitoridis
Axial skeleton is composed of?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Soft-spongy bone tissue
Cancellous bone
Red bone marrow becomes ___ in adult mammals.
Fatty tissues
In adult mammals, ___ bones is responsible for RBC formation.
Flat
Os clitoridis occurs because of ___ in cats.
Hormonal imbalance
This is the division of skeletal system pertaining to the bones in visceral/internal organs.
Splanchnic skeleton
This is a classification of bone that diffuses concussions.
Short bones
This is a classification of bone that acts as levers.
Long bones
This is the division of skeletal system pertaining to the bones situated along the longitudinal axis of the body.
Axial skeleton
Patella belongs to what classification of bone?
Sesamoid bones
Aortic fibrous ring of heart of ox and cattle
Os cordis
This is a classification of bone that has varied functions.
Irregular bones
Bone in dog’s penis
Os penis/Baculum
Splanchnic skeleton in snout of pigs.
Os rostri
Give an example of irregular bones.
Vertebrae and bones of caudal base of skull
Generally, long bones have ___ and ___.
Epiphysis and diaphysis
This is a classification of bone that is hollow connected to the mammals and avian respiratory system.
Pneumatic Bone
This is a classification of bone that provides large area for muscle attachment.
Flat bones
This bone is well-developed in animals. (Hint: bone in pectoral girdle)
Scapula
Proximal carpal is composed of ___, ___, and ___.
Radial carpal, ulnar carpal and accessory carpal
Collective bone in shoulder
Pectoral girdle
This bone allows one to grasp
Clavicle
Manus is composed of ___, ___, and ___.
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
These bones can be found in arm.
Humerus
Distal carpal is composed of ___, ___, ___, and ___.
C1, C2, C3, and C4
This bone can be rudimentary or absent in mammals.
Coracoid
Other term for accessory carpal
Pisiforme
Other term for radial carpal
Scaphoid
This bone can be found in arm.
Humerus
Other term for ulnar carpal
Triovetrum
Bones in true leg
Tibia and fibula
Other term for C3
Os capitatum
Other term for C1
Trapezium
Os hametum is carpal number?
C4
Femur is somehow connected to patella. True or False?
False, it is directly connected.
Other term for pelvic girdle
Os coxae
Other term of C2
Trapezoideum
Os cuneiform laterale is for T_?
T3
Ilium, ischium, and pubis is situated along what region of the body?
Pelvic region
Proximal tarsal is composed of?
Tibial tarsal, fibular tarsal, and central tarsal
Bone in thigh
Femur
Distal tarsal is composed of?
T1, T2, T3,T4
Os aboideum is for T_?
T4
Pes is composed of ___, ___, and ___.
Tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Os cuneiform mediate is for T_?
T1
Os cuneiform intermedium is for T_?
T2
Frontal is unpaired bone in skull. True or False?
False
Paired bones in facial part are premaxilla, vomer, nasal, maxilla, and dorsal and ventral nasal conchae. True or False?
False
Give the 5 unpaired bones of the skull.
Basioccipital, supraoccipital, ethmoid, interparietal, basisphenoid.
Give the 4 paired bones of the skull.
Exoccipital, parietal, frontal and temporal.
Formula of vertebral column.
C7-T13-L7-S3-CD6 to 23
Tail vertebrae
Caudal vertebrae
Neck vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Croup vertebra
Sacral vertebrae
Other term for conchae
Turbinate
Other term for scapula
Blade bone/scapula bone
Back vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Forms the lateral wall of thorax
Ribs
Thorax is composed of?
Ribs and sternum
Forms the ventral wall of thorax
Sternum
Other term for clavicle
Collar bone/Wish bone/Furcula
Clavicle is well developed in sea mammals. True or False?
False
Articulates proximally with glenoid cavity of scapula.
Humerus
Scapula is flat circular bone at the top of the shoulder. True or False?
False, it is flat triangular bone.
Other term for humerus
Clod bone
Radius is longer than ulna. True or False?
False
Strongest bone for flight
Coracoid
Coracoid is a stout bone. True or False?
True
Articulates distally with radius and ulna
Humerus
There are 3 carpals and 4 distal carpals in dogs. True or False?
True
This is also called round bone.
Femur
There are only 4 metacarpals in dogs. True or False?
False, 5.
Cranio-ventral bone of os coxae
Pubis
Caudo-dorsal bone of os coxae
Ischium
There are 4 proximal, 4 middle, and 5 phalanx in phalanges of dogs. True or False?
False, 5 proximal.
Femur articulates distally with?
Patella and tibia
Largest and cranial most bone of os coxae
Ilium
Articulates proximally with os coxae
Femur
Ilium:Haunch/Hook::Ischium:Pin
—Correct or wrong
Correct
Larger and medial bone of the leg or crus
Tibia
Shorter and lateral bone of crus
Fibula
The 5th metatarsal in dogs is almost rudimentary.
False, 1st metatarsal
Other term for fibula
Brooch bone
A cavity in the substance of bone that communicates with the nostril and contain air.
Sinus
These are slightly movable joints.
Amphiarthroses
Phalanges is almost same with manus, except for?
Phalanx 1
A joint between the skulls that is classified as synarthrose.
Suture
Paranasal sinuses are found in?
Maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, sphenoidal
The ventral wall of a cavity
Floor
The lateral boundaries of a cavity
Wall
A hollow or potential space within the body, or on of its organs
Cavity
What are the classification of joints in the body?
Synarthroses, diarthroses, and amphiarthroses
The dorsal wall of a cavity
Roof
Fixed or immovable joint
Synarthroses
Mandibular and pelvic symphysis are classified as what type of joint?
Synarthroses
Study of joints and articulation
Arthrology/Syndesmology
Atlanto-axial joint
Trochoid/pivot joint
What is an example of amphiarthroses?
Intercentral vertebral joint
Teeth articulation on alveoli of mandible and maxilla that is classified as synarthroses
Gomphosis
Atlanto-occipital joint
Ginglymus/hinge joint
Joint in the intercarpals
Arthrodia/gliding joint
This is the joint located in the scapular articulation on head of humerus and os coxae articulation on head of femur.
Enathroses/ball and socket joint
Classifications of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles
Striated and voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
Striated and involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle
Gallbladder falls under what type of muscle?
Smooth muscle
Non-striated and involuntary
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscles are controlled by?
Autonomic nervous system
The involuntary muscle movement that moves food through your gastrointestinal tract.
Peristalsis
Voluntary muscles are controlled by?
Central nervous system
Why is there muscle striations?
Presence of light and dark bands in muscle fiber
What is the muscle responsible for the erection of skin hairs?
Arrector Pili Muscle
Bronchi is what type of muscle?
Smooth muscle
It covers individual muscle fiber/myofibrils.
Endomysium
Moves body part toward mid-line
Adductor
It raises a body part.
Levator
It covers the entire muscle
Epimysium
It covers the fascicles which are made up of packs of individual muscle fibers.
Perimysium
Bends limb at its joint
Flexor
Rotates palmar/plantar aspect downward
Pronator
Straightens a limb/increase joint angle
Extensor
Rotates palmar/plantar aspect upward
Supinator
Moves body part away from the midline
Abductor
Bends limb at its joint
Flexor
Lowers body part
Depressor
Turns a body part on its axis found near the joints
Rotator
Fixed portion of the muscle
Origin
Movable portion of the muscle
Insertion
Muscles opposing prime mover
Antagonist
Muscles that holds scapula firmly in place
Fixator
Enumerate fixators
Rhomboids and trapezius
Muscle directly responsible for desired body movement
Prime mover
Supports action of prime mover
Synergist
1 origin and 3 or more insertions
Multipennate
Have tapering ends forming leaf shape
Fusiform
Biceps and rectus thoracis are arranged in?
Fusiform
Has equal dimension with its insertion
Parallel
Has broad origin and single tendon for insertion
Convergent
Give the muscles with multipennate arrangement
Deltoideus and multifudus muscle
1 origin and 2 insertion
Bipennate
Rectus femoris and caninus are in what arrangement?
Bipennate
1 origin and 1 insertion
Unipennate
Give the muscles with parallel arrangement
Latissimus dorsi and abdominal muscle
Muscle is round shaped and surrounds body opening
Circular
Digital extensor is arranged in?
Unipennate
Example of muscle with circular arrangement
Orbicularis oculi
Example of muscle with convergent arrangement
Pectoralis
Greek terms are usually used in naming muscles. True or False?
False
Facial muscles
Sphincter colli superficialis
Platysma
Sphincter colli profundus
Pars oralis muscles
Orbicularis oris
Incisivus superioris et inferioris
Maxillonasolabialis
Caninus
Buccinators: pars bucalis (dorsal part), pars molaris (ventral part)
Deep facial muscles
Stapedius
Digastricus
Stylohyoideus (absent in Beagles)
Jugulohyoideus
Tongue muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
N. propia linguae
Other facial muscles
Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Tetractor anguli oculi lateralis
Levator anguli oculi medialis
Zygomaticus
Palpebral muscle
Masticatory muscles
Masseter
Temporalis
Pterygoideus medialis et lateralis
Pharyngeal muscles
Hyopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Pterypharyngeus
Eyeball muscles
Levator palpebrae superioris (palpebrae/eyelid)
Superior oblique (obliquus dorsalis)
Inferior oblique (obliquus ventralis)
Retractor bulbi
Rectus/straight muscles (rectus dorsalis, ventralis, lateralis, medialis)
Muscles of soft palate
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatinus
Laryngeal muscles
Cricothyroideus
Thyroarytenoideus
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis et lateralis
Vocalis
Ventricularis
Arytenoideus transversus
Hyoepiglotticus
External ear muscles
Scutuloauricularis superficialis, dorsalis, medius, accessorius
Zygomaticoauricularis
Interscutularis
Tragihelicinus
Parotidoauricularis
Cervicoscutularis
Cervicoauricularis superficialis
Cervicoauricularis profundus major et minor
Occipitalis
Interparietoscutularis
Interparietoauricularis
Obliqui and transversi auriculae
Hyoid apparatus muscles
Sternohyoideus
Thyrohyoideus
Mylohyoideus
Ceratohyoideus
Geniohyoideus
