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REVIEWERS 2ND YEAR/3RD SEM > ANAT101A FINALS > Flashcards

ANAT101A FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the visceral organs of digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems

A

Splanchnology

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2
Q

System responsible for digestion, nutrient absorption and elimination of waste products in the form of stool/feces

A

Digestive system

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3
Q

What are the body parts included in the accessory digestive structures?

A

Teeth, tongue, cheeks, lips and palate

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4
Q

What are the body parts included in the digestive tract/alimentary canal?

A

Mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, glandular stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

What are the glands included in the digestive glands?

A

Salivary, liver, pancreas

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6
Q

It connects the mouth to esophagus and serves as a common passageway for food, water, and air.

A

Pharynx

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7
Q

What are the three apertures of pharynx?

A

Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx

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8
Q

Bounded dorsally by palate and upper set of teeth, laterally by the cheeks, ventrally by lower set of teeth and tongue, rostrally by upper and lower lips, and caudally by oropharynx.

A

Mouth

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9
Q

What is the junction between the three apertures of pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal proper

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10
Q

Ingesta inside the stomach with gastric juice.

A

Chyme

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11
Q

What are the three segments of esophagus?

A

Cervical, thoracic and abdominal

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11
Q

Long muscular tube serves as passageway for bolus.

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

The four layers of esophagus are also present in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. True or False?

A

False, tunica adventitia is for esophagus only.

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13
Q

Thoracic segment becomes abdominal segments through what specific muscle?

A

Hiatus esophagi of the diaphragm

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14
Q

Bolus is either strongly acidic/basic. True or False?

A

False, slightly acidic or basic.

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15
Q

What are the 4 concentric layers of esophagus?

A

Tunica mucosa (inner), Tunica submucosa (2nd), Tunica muscularis (3rd), Tunica adventitia (outer)

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16
Q

What are the components of digestive juice?

A

Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

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17
Q

ESOPHAGUS:ADVENTITIA::STOMACH:?

A

SEROSA

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17
Q

It is the stomach’s surface facing the outside of abdomen.

A

Parietal surface

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18
Q

Tunica serosa is a connective tissue that is relatively thinner than Tunica adventitia. True or False?

A

True

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19
Q

Muscular belt which temporarily stores chime

A

Stomach

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20
Q

Among the four parts of stomach, which one is funnel-shaped?

A

Pylorus

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20
Q

What are the two sphincters present in the stomach?

A

Cardiac and pyloric

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20
Q

What are the four parts of stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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21
Q

Among the four parts of stomach, which one is next to esophagus?

A

Cardia

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22
Q

What is the role of a sphincter?

A

Prevents the backflow of ingesta

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23
Q

Its chief cells are responsible for the secretion of pepsinogen.

A

Gastric glands

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24
Q

They are responsible for the secretion of HCI.

A

Parietal cell

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25
Q

It is the curvature present on the visceral surface.

A

Lesser curvature

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25
Q

It is the stomach’s surface facing the other internal organs.

A

Visceral surface

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26
Q

It is the curvature present on the visceral surface.

A

Lesser curvature

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27
Q

The right extremity of stomach is on the parietal surface. True or False?

A

False, visceral surface.

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28
Q

Small intestine is relatively shorter than large intestine. True or False?

A

False, longer.

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28
Q

What is entrance part of the stomach?

A

Cardia

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28
Q

What is the most thick segment of small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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29
Q

What is the exit part of stomach?

A

Pylorus

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30
Q

What are the 3 segments of small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ilium

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31
Q

These two ducts empty duodenum’s contents.

A

Bile duct and pancreatic duct

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31
Q

The longest segment of small intestine

A

Jejunum

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31
Q

The most movable segment of small intestine

A

Jejunum

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32
Q

What is the certain role of ilium?

A

Defends the intestine against microorganism

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33
Q

The most absorptive segment of small intestine

A

Jejunum

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34
Q

Ilium has defense mechanism because of ___.

A

Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules)

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35
Q

It is a tube that connects stomach with the large intestine.

A

Small intestine

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36
Q

The segment of small intestine starts at?

A

Pylorus

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37
Q

What is/are the mesenteric part of small intestine?

A

Jejunum and ilium

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38
Q

Duodenum is slightly movable. True or False?

A

False, it is a fixed segment.

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39
Q

It extends from the termination of ilium to the anus.

A

Large intestine

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40
Q

It is a segment of large intestine that may serve as site of fermentation in some animals especially post-gastric fermentor animals.

A

Cecum

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41
Q

What is the longest segment of large intestine?

A

Colon

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42
Q

Colon is main site for ___ and ___ reabsorption.

A

Water and electrolyte

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43
Q

Cecum is the counterpart of ___ in humans.

A

Appendix

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44
Q

Terminal segment of alimentary canal

A

Anus

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44
Q

What is the normal time for the transit time?

A

12 hours

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44
Q

Serves as temporary storage site for food or feces prior to defecation

A

Rectum

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44
Q

Among the three types of secretion, which has the water consistency?

A

Serous

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45
Q

Fermentation in rabbit and horses takes place in ___.

A

Cecum

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45
Q

Liver is 7-sided structure. True or False?

A

False, 6-sided.

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46
Q

What is the sphincter muscle present in the anus?

A

Sphincter ani externi et interni

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47
Q

Liver is situated at?

A

Situated obliquely against the visceral surface of diaphragm

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47
Q

What is the function of sphincter ani externi et interni?

A

Controls/stops the defecation instinct when feces are in the rectum and anus.

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47
Q

Mucous type of secretion has thick consistency due to?

A

Presence of mucin granules

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48
Q

What are the salivary glands present in most mammals?

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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48
Q

What is the fourth salivary gland present in dogs?

A

Zygomatic gland

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49
Q

What are the three types of secretion?

A

Serous, mucous, and mixed

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50
Q

Parotid is serous in most mammals except in dogs where it is mixed. True or False?

A

True

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51
Q

Zygomatic gland is situated in what fossa?

A

Interior part of the pterygopalatine fossa

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51
Q

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual and zygomatic glands secrete mixed type in dogs. True or False?

A

True

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51
Q

Among the four lobes of the liver, which has papillary process?

A

Caudate lobe

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52
Q

The anatomic unit of liver

A

Hepatic lobule

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52
Q

There are 3-4 lobes present in dog’s liver. True or False?

A

False, 7-8 lobes.

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53
Q

What are the main lobes present in the liver?

A

Left and right hepatic, median/quadrate, caudate lobe

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53
Q

Lightest organ of the body

A

Lungs

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53
Q

Largest gland of the body

A

Liver

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53
Q

Liver has no circumference. True or False?

A

False

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54
Q

Two surfaces of liver

A

Parietal and visceral

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54
Q

Pancreas are situated at?

A

Between the duodenal loops

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55
Q

Pancreas has medial and lateral branches. True or False?

A

False, dorsal and ventral branches.

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56
Q

What are the two portions of pancreas?

A

Exocrine and endocrine portion

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57
Q

Exocrine portion is made up of what cells?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

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58
Q

Which one secretes pancreatic juice? Exocrine or endocrine?

A

Exocrine

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59
Q

Among the components of pancreatic juice, which one is for fats?

A

Pancreatic lipase

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60
Q

Pancreatic juice is made up of?

A

Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen.

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60
Q

When trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen becomes active, they digest ___.

A

Protein

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61
Q

Group of cells present in endocrine portion of pancreas.

A

Islet of Langerhans

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61
Q

Among the components of pancreatic juice, which one is for carbohydrates?

A

Pancreatic amylase

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62
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas is responsible for what hormones?

A

Glucagon and insulin

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63
Q

Glucagon decreases blood sugar level. True or False?

A

False

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63
Q

Responsible for chopping, grinding and chewing the food.

A

Teeth

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63
Q

4 types of teeth

A

Incisors, canines, premolar, and molar

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64
Q

Among the four types of teeth, which has the permanent dentition?

A

Molar

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65
Q

Among the four types of teeth, which has the temporary dentition?

A

Incisor, Premolar, Molar

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65
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of teeth?

A

Labial, lingual, occlusal

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65
Q

What are the layers of teeth?

A

Cementum, enamel, dentine, pulp cavity

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66
Q

Cementum is the outer layer of whole teeth. True or False?

A

False, cementum is outer layer of root only.

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66
Q

What are the regions of teeth?

A

Crown, neck, root

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67
Q

What are two carnassial teeth of dogs?

A

Last upper premolar, first lower molar

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67
Q

What is the outer layer of crown?

A

Enamel

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68
Q

What do you call the cutting teeth of dogs?

A

Carnassial teeth or shearing teeth

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69
Q

Tongue is formed by what muscles?

A

Mylohyoid muscles

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70
Q

The mucous membrane of tongue’s dorsum is villated. True or False?

A

False, papillated.

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70
Q

What are the 3 parts of tongue?

A

Root, body, and apex

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70
Q

Dorsum of tongue refers to the ___.

A

Free dorsal surface

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71
Q

What papillae types is/are most prominent?

A

Vallate and foliate

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71
Q

What are the 4 main types of papillae?

A

Filiform (bristle like), fungiform (mushroom shape), foliate (leaf shape), vallate (v-shape)

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72
Q

Have base, free border, oral, and aboral surfaces

A

Soft palate

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72
Q

___ pillars run from the free border of the aboral surface to meet over the commencement of the esophagus.

A

Posterior

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73
Q

___ pillars are two short, thick folds which run from the free border of the oral surface to either side of the tongue.

A

Anterior

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74
Q

It is continuous with the soft palate behind

A

Hard palate

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75
Q

Hard palate is bounded in front and on either side by the ___.

A

Alveolar arches

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76
Q

The bony basis of the hard palate is formed by palatine processes of:

A

Premaxilla, maxilla, and horizonal part of palatine bones

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77
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Respiration, phonation, olfaction

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78
Q

Formed by the vomer and other tissues and it separates the left and right nasal cavity

A

Nasal septum

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79
Q

Cylindrical passage and close by facial bones

A

Nasal Cavity

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80
Q

Dorsal boundary of the nasal cavity is ___.

A

Nasal bone

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81
Q

Bounded dorsally by the nasal bone, bounded laterally by the pre maxilla and maxilla, the ventral boundary is formed by the palatine bone, the rostral boundary of nasal cavity is the nares or the anterior nares or the nostril, and the caudal boundary of the nasal cavity is the so-called posterior nares (choanae)

A

Nasal cavity

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82
Q

Two parts of nasal cavity

A

Left and Right nasal cavity

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83
Q

Cartilaginous valvular apparatus which connects pharynx and trachea

A

Larynx

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83
Q

The voice box

A

Larynx

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84
Q

Three functions of larynx

A

Air volume regulation, prevent aspiration of foreign bodies and to act as the organ of voice

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85
Q

Total number of cartilages making up the larynx

A

9

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86
Q

Generally speaking, in animals there are ___ pairs and ___ unpaired laryngeal cartilages.

A

3, 3

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87
Q

What are the paired cartilages of larynx?

A

Arytenoid, curniculates, cuneiforms

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88
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages of larynx?

A

Epiglottis / Epiglottic Cartilage, Cricoid,
Thyroid

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89
Q

Serves as a common passageway for digestive and respiratory cracks

A

Pharynx

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90
Q

A cartilaginous and membranous tube which extends from larynx down to bronchi.

A

Trachea

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91
Q

Patency of trachea is due to presence of ___.

A

Tracheal rings

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92
Q

What are the layers of trachea?

A

Fascia Propria(Adventitia and Serosa), cartilaginous ring, Fibroelastic Layer, Muscular Layer,
Mucus membrane Layer

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93
Q

Branching point of bronchi

A

Carina

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94
Q

The point of tracheal bifurcation and then that primary bronchi, that primary left and right bronchi will branch out to form the secondary bronchi, the tertiary bronchi into bronchial into pulmonary alveoli.

A

Carina

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95
Q

The principal organ of respiration

A

Lungs

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96
Q

Surface of parietal pleura facing the thoracic vertebra above

A

Vertebral Parietal Pleura

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96
Q

Four surfaces of lungs

A

Costal, mediastinal, interlobar, diaphragmatic

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97
Q

Mesothelial linings or mesothelial covering of the lungs

A

Pleura

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98
Q

Pleura facing the diaphragm cordially.

A

Diaphragmatic Parietal Pleura

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99
Q

Pleura facing the sternum

A

Sternal Parietal Pleura

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100
Q

Subserous tissue

A

Endothoracic phasia

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101
Q

Counterpart mesothelial lining of pleura in the abdomen.

A

Peritoneum

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102
Q

Space formed at the mid-line by the apposition of right and left pleural membranes and is divided into three parts

A

Mediastinum

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103
Q

Structures passing pre-cardial mediastinum

A

o Trachea
o Esophagus
o Blood Vessels
o Nerves
o Thymus

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104
Q

Structures passing the-cardial mediastinum

A

o Heart and pericardium
o Esophagus
o Trachea
o Thoracic duct
o Nerves

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105
Q

Skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic from abdominal cavity. Is one of the muscle involved in respiration.

A

Diaphragm

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105
Q

Structures passing the post-cardial mediastinum

A

o Aorta
o Vena azygos
o Thoracic duct
o Esophagus
o Nerves

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106
Q

THREE PERFORATIONS IN DIAPHRAGM

A

 Caval Foramen hiatus (Hiatus vena cava) – caudal vena cava
 Esophageal hiatus – esophagus, esophageal branch of gastric artery, vagus
 Aortic hiatus – aorta, vena azygos, cisterna chyli

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107
Q

Parts of diaphragm

A

Costal, sternal, lumbar part

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108
Q

4 functions of urogenital system

A

Gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, reproduction, excretion

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109
Q

Principal male hormone

A

Testosterone

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110
Q

Principal female hormone

A

Estrogen, progesterone

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111
Q

What are the general components of urogenital system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder/ urinary bladder
Urethra

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112
Q

What are the general components of female genital system?

A

Ovary (L & R)
Uterine Tube
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva

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113
Q

What are the general components of male genital system?

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Prostate
Penis
Prepuce & Scrotum

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114
Q

Pear-shaped structure capable of considerable distention, located at the floor of pelvic cavity and temporary storage site for urine

A

Bladder/Urinary bladder

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115
Q

Kidney, in dorsal aspect, is just ventral to the __.

A

First few lumbar vertebra

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116
Q

Paired reddish-brown organs at the site of aorta and vena cava

A

Kidneys

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117
Q

Connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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118
Q

Passage of urine from bladder to exterior

A

Urethra

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119
Q

Two segments of male urethra

A

Pelvic urethra and penile urethra

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120
Q

It also serves as a passageway for seminal fluid during ejaculation

A

Urethra

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121
Q

Terminal segment of urinary system

A

Urethra

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122
Q

Continuous to the ductus deferens

A

Epididymis

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123
Q

It is connected to the epididymis caudally

A

Testes

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124
Q

What is the only accessory sex gland present in dogs?

A

Prostate gland

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125
Q

Penis is surrounded and protected by ?

A

Prepuce

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126
Q

Surrounds and protects the testes

A

Scrotum/scrotal sac

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126
Q

Penis is marked by the presence of ___ that swells during copulation.

A

Bulbus glandis

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127
Q

Site for embryonic and fetal implantation

A

Uterus

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128
Q

Vagina represents the external female genitalia. True or False?

A

False. Vulva.

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129
Q

Ovary produces what?

A

Oocytes and female hormones

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130
Q

Serves as the birth canal

A

Vagina

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131
Q

Union of sperm and egg happens at?

A

Uterine tube

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132
Q

Main-blood filtering organ of the body

A

Kidneys

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132
Q

The structural and functional unit of the kidney and is therefore the main structure for blood filtration to produce urine

A

Nephron

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133
Q

Kidneys are responsible for the elimination of waste products such as ?

A

Nitrogenous products, salts, microorganisms

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134
Q

FIbroconnective tissue covering of the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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134
Q

Represent the superficial/peripheral region of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

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135
Q

What are the structures present at renal cortex?

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

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136
Q

Represents the deeper/central region of the kidney

A

Renal medulla

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137
Q

What are the structures present at the renal medulla?

A

Rental tubules

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138
Q

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule are collectively known as ?

A

Renal corpuscles

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139
Q

Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate from the glomerulus. True or False?

A

True

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140
Q

Filters the blood from afferent arterioles

A

Glomerulus

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140
Q

It transports blood towards the glomerulus

A

Afferent arterioles

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141
Q

Transports blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arterioles

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142
Q

What are structures under renal tubules?

A

Proximal convoluted and straight tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted and straight tubule

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143
Q

Among the structures under renal tubules, which is responsible for water reabsorption?

A

Loop of Henle

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144
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and proximal straight tubule (PST) reabsorbs ___ and ___.

A

Glucose and amino acids

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145
Q

Distal straight tubule (DST); distal convoluted tubule (DCT) are the target sites for ___ and ___.

A

Diuretic agents and antidiuretic hormones

146
Q

Give examples of antidiuretic hormones

A

Vasopressin and aldosterone

147
Q

What is the shape of urinary bladder?

A

Pyriform

148
Q

Connect renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

Ureters

148
Q

What is the meaning of pyriform?

A

Pyramid-shaped

149
Q

Ureters can transport urine down to the bladder with just the help of gravity. True or False?

A

False

150
Q

If ureters can’t transport urine from the renal pelvis down to the bladder with just gravity, what helps the ureter to transport urine?

A

Peristaltic waves and the presence of smooth muscles

151
Q

Ureter is valvular. True or False?

A

True

152
Q

Urinary bladder is a hollow structure. True or False?

A

True

153
Q

Urinary bladder is located on ___.

A

Pelvic floor

154
Q

According to urinary bladder’s distention, it can extend up to the ___ especially when filled with urine.

A

Ventral abdominal wall

155
Q

What are the two parts of urinary bladder?

A

Body and neck

156
Q

Triangular area in the vicinity of the neck with stretch receptors

A

Trigone

157
Q

Stretching of these receptors in trigon especially when the bladder is filled with urine, signals the brain via ___ nerves to induce ___.

A

Parasympathetic, micturition/urination

158
Q

Main part of the bladder

A

Body

159
Q

Constricted portion of urinary bladder connected to the urethra caudally

A

Neck

160
Q

Serves as a passageway for urine from the bladder to the exterior

A

Urethra

160
Q

What are the cells in between the seminiferous tubules that is responsible for ___ secretion?
Give the cells and its secretion.

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig, testosterone

160
Q

Coiled Structures inside the testes which produce sperm cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

160
Q

___ , the second layer next to T. vaginalis and is continuous to ___.

A

Tunica albuginea, septa/trabeculae

161
Q

Among the three parts of epididymis, which is the head?

A

Caput

161
Q

Outer fibrous capsule of the testes

A

Tunica vaginalis

161
Q

Testosterone is responsible for ?

A

The development of secondary sexual characteristics

Maintenance of spermatogenesis

162
Q

Parts of epididymis

A

Caput
Corpus
Cauda

162
Q

Paired ovoid structures surrounded and protected by the scrotal sac (SS)

A

Testes

163
Q

What are the other structures present in S. tubules? (in order)

A

Tubuli contorti/ coiled tubules
Tubuli recti/ straight tubules
Rete testis

163
Q

Among the three parts of epididymis, which is the tail?

A

Cauda

163
Q

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES:SPERM MATURATION::EPIDIDYMIS:SPERM FORMATION

Correct or wrong?

A

Wrong, other way around.

163
Q

Located at the middle of the testes; this is continuous to the efferent ducts which are continuous to the epididymis.

A

Rete testis

164
Q

In superficial aspect, what comes first, Tubuli contorti or Tubuli recti?

A

Tubuli contorti

164
Q

Convoluted tube for sperm maturation

A

Epididymis

164
Q

Among the three parts of epididymis, which is the body?

A

Corpus

164
Q

All the parts of epididymis are principal site for sperm maturation. True or False?

A

False, only body and tail.

165
Q

Passageway for spermatic cord, blood vessels, and nerves

A

Inguinal canal

165
Q

Enumerate the accessory sex glands present in most domestic animals.

A

ampullae/ ampullary gland
vesicular gland/ seminal vesicle
prostate gland/ prostata
bulbourethral/ Cowper’s gland

165
Q

Muscular tube that contracts during ejaculation

A

Ductus deferens

165
Q

Upon comparing the body and tail of epididymis, which of the two is “more responsible” for sperm maturation?

A

Tail

165
Q

Serves as passageway for urine from bladder to the exterior and for sperm (penile urethra)

A

Pelvic and penile urethra

165
Q

Cremaster muscle and tunica dartos have striations. True or False?

A

False. Cremaster is a skeletal muscle while tunica dartos is a smooth muscle. Striations are present in skeletal and cardiac muscle only.

165
Q

These are responsible for the movement of the testicles closer to or farther from the abdominal wall.

A

Cremaster muscle, Tunica Dartos

165
Q

Cryptorchidism – could be unilateral (one testes) or bilaterally (both) failure of testes to descend. True or False?

A

True

165
Q

Ruptured Graafian follicle turns into?

A

Corpus luteum

165
Q

Cremaster muscle is under what abdominal muscle?

A

Internal oblique muscle

166
Q

In ovary, corpus luteum produce ?

A

Progesterone

166
Q

Male organ of copulation

A

Penis

166
Q

In ovary, estrogen is produced by?

A

Ovarian follicles

166
Q

An endocrine and cytogenetic organ in females

A

Ovary

166
Q

Graafian follicle is also called as?

A

Tertiary follicle

167
Q

Site of fertilization in mammals

A

Ampullae/Magnum

167
Q

What are the typical parts of ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

167
Q

Corpus luteum degenerates in what circumstance?

A

Unsuccessful fertilization

168
Q

Outer covering of ovary

A

Tunica albuginea

169
Q

Site of fertilization for avians

A

Infundibulum

170
Q

Constricted portion of the uterine tube

A

Isthmus

170
Q

What are the 2 types of uterus?

A

Bicornuate, bipartite

170
Q

Bipartite has longer horns than its body. True or False?

A

False

170
Q

It is the ligament that supports ovaries

A

Mesovarium

170
Q

Bicornuate has longer horns than its body.

A

True

170
Q

Typical for single-bearing animals because the fetus develop inside the uterine body

A

Bipartite

171
Q

Type of uterine horn that that is typical for multiple bearing animals because the fetuses are implanted along the uterine walls.

A

Bicornuate

171
Q

It is a broad ligament supporting uterus

A

Mesometrium

172
Q

It is the broad ligament that supports uterine tube

A

Mesosalpins

172
Q

Main functions of cardiovascular system

A

Blood circulation and nutrient absorption

172
Q

Components of blood

A

Oxygen, nutrients, waste products

172
Q

Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the body

A

Heart

172
Q

Blood is made up of solid, liquid, and gas (O2 and CO2). True or False?

A

False. Solid and liquid only.

172
Q

Outermost layer of heart

A

Epicardium

173
Q

Innermost layer of heart

A

Endocardium

174
Q

Middle layer of heart

A

Myocardium

174
Q

Conductive tubes through which the blood flows

A

Blood vessels

174
Q

Typical mammalian heart has:
_ layers
_ chambers
_ valves
_ major blood vessels

(answers are numbers)

A

3
4
4
4

174
Q

Thickest layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

174
Q

What is the valve between left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Left atrioventricular valve/Bicuspid valve

174
Q

What are the solid components of blood?

A

RBC, WBC (granulocytes and agranulocytes), Platelets,

175
Q

Inflammation of endocardium from valvular infection

A

Endocarditis

176
Q

What is the valve between right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Right atrioventricular valve/Tricuspid valve

177
Q

Smallest cardiac chamber

A

Right atrium

177
Q

Vena cava is connected to what chamber of the heart?

A

Right atrium

177
Q

Artery that is connected to right ventricle

A

Pulmonary artery

177
Q

Largest artery

A

Aorta

177
Q

Vein that is connected to left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

177
Q

Largest vein in the body

A

Vena cava

178
Q

This valve is present between left ventricle and aorta.

A

Aortic valve

178
Q

What separates the right and left side of the heart?

A

Cardiac septum

179
Q

Larger arteries branch out distally to form ___.

A

Arterioles

179
Q

Pulmonic and aortic valves are collectively known as ?

A

Semilunar valves

179
Q

At the junction of arterioles and venules are the ___.

A

Microscopic capillaries

179
Q

Transports mostly deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

Vein and venule

179
Q

Veins branch out distally to form ___.

A

Venules

179
Q

Transports mostly oxygenated blood away from the heart; with some exceptions

A

Artery and arteriole

180
Q

Situated between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic valves

181
Q

Vein, venules, artery and arterioles, in their individual structures, are all valvular. True or False?

A

False. Only vein and venule.

181
Q

There are arteries with deoxygenated blood such as? Hint: 4 arteries

A

Pulmonary Artery
Umbilical Artery
Omphalomesenteric Artery
Vitelline Artery

181
Q

What type of diffusion do capillaries usually perform?

A

Simple diffusion

181
Q

What are the fluid components of blood?

A

Plasma and serum

181
Q

Among the two fluid components of blood, which has clotting factors?

A

Plasma

181
Q

In total, how many are the clotting factors?

A

13

181
Q

Clotting factor #1 is also known as?

A

Fibrinogen

182
Q

Clotting factor #13 is also known as?

A

FIbrin-stabilizing factor

183
Q

What is the most common form of hemophilia and what clotting factor is responsible for it?

A

CF#8, Hemophilia A

183
Q

In Hemophilia B, what CF# is responsible?

A

CF#9

183
Q

In hemophilia, what are the clotting factors affected?

A

CF#8, CF#9, CF#11

183
Q

CF#_ is responsible for Hemophilia C.

A

CF#11

183
Q

This type of hemophilia is otherwise known as Christmas hemophilia.

A

Hemophilia B

183
Q

Technical term for Hemophilia C

A

Plasmothromboplastin antecedent

183
Q

Technical term for Hemophilia A

A

Antihemophilic globulin

184
Q

Technical term for Hemophilia B

A

Plasmathromboplastin component

185
Q

HGB has affinity to ?

A

Oxygen

185
Q

Biconcave discs with O2 carrying molecule

A

RBC/Erythrocyte

185
Q

Red blood cell and hemoglobin are the same. True or False?

A

False. Hemoglobin is the protein present in RBC.

185
Q

___ is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

A

Iron

185
Q

Soldiers of the body by fighting infections.

A

White blood cells/Leukocytes

186
Q

Down in iron means the individual is ?

A

Anemic

186
Q

Leukocytes are classified into?

A

Granulocyte and agranulocyte

186
Q

All the solid components of blood are classified as cells. True or False?

A

False, platelets/thrombocytes is not a cell.

187
Q

Three cytoplasmic granules under granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

187
Q

Also known as polymorphonuclears

A

Neutrophil

187
Q

Increased levels of neutrophil means there is ___ infection.

A

Bacterial infection

187
Q

These cytoplasmic granules has presence of hypersegmented/ multi-lobed nucleus

A

Neutrophil

187
Q

Platelets is produced by ___ of bone marrow.

A

Megakaryocytes

187
Q

Decreased levels of neutrophils means there is ___ infection.

A

Viral infection

188
Q

These cytoplasmic granules has presence of bilobe.

A

Eosinophil

189
Q

Basophil is 0 under normal condition so decreased levels is inapplicable. True or False?

A

True

189
Q

Increased levels of eosinophil means there is ___.

A

Parasitic infection (either endo or ectoparasites)

189
Q

Agranulocyte that has presence of a large rounded nucleus almost occupying the cytoplasm.

A

Lymphocyte

189
Q

Increased levels of basophils means there is ___.

A

Allergic reaction

189
Q

During embryonic development, undifferentiated lymphocytes will be transported into the ___.

A

Thymus

189
Q

Agranulocyte that is bean-shaped or heart-shaped or nucleus has indented part.

A

Monocyte

189
Q

These cytoplasmic granules has presence of unilobe to bilobe.

A

Basophil

190
Q

Two agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte and monocytes

191
Q

This component of blood produces immunoglobulins or antibodies.

A

Plasma

191
Q

What are the classes of antibodies?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

191
Q

In cardiovascular system, it is a big eater cell capable of engulfing/ eating (phagocytosis) of microorganisms.

A

Macrophage

191
Q

Other undifferentiated lymphocytes will become future ?

A

B-cells/B-Lymphocytes

191
Q

In avians, some undifferentiated lymphocytes are transported into?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

191
Q

Situation: Blood cell in circulation during inflammation/ infection.
The ___ goes out into the site of inflammation and is termed the ___.

Hint: Second answer is 2 words.

A

Monocyte, mobile macrophages

191
Q

B-cell/ B lymphocytes fate will be ___ cells and ___cells.

A

Memory, plasma

192
Q

Give the 3 vasoactive substances contained in muscle and basophil.

A

Histamine, serotonin, prostaglandine

193
Q

Upon allergic reaction, the vasoactive substances makes the cell membrane ___ allowing the ___ to exit.

A

Ruptures, histamine

193
Q

The ___, to which the chordae tendineae are attached, contract during ventricular contraction to tense the chordae tendineae and keep the valves closed.

Hint: One of the supporting structures of the cardiac valves

A

Papillary muscles

193
Q

These are fibrous cords in the heart that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular (AV) valves, specifically the tricuspid valve in the right side of the heart and the mitral valve in the left side.

Hint: One of the supporting structures of the cardiac valves

A

Chordae tendinae

193
Q

What are the major blood vessels attached to the heart?

A

Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta

193
Q

After histamine exits from the plasma membrane of muscle in the body, what happens to the nearest blood vessel?

A

Dilates and leaks plasma

193
Q

What are the types of Blood vessels?

A

Arteries and arterioles
Veins and venules
Capillaries

193
Q

What are common drug that neutralizes the effect of histamine?

A

Antihistamines

194
Q

Portion of kidney that is continuous to the major calyx into the minor calyx/ calyces

A

Renal pelvis

194
Q

The system responsible for regulation and coordination of body functions.

A

Nervous system

194
Q

Structural and functional unit with the property of irritability

A

Neuron

194
Q

Property of a tissue/ organism to respond to any form of stimuli

A

Property of irritability

194
Q

What are the neuronal processes?

A

Axon and dendrites

194
Q

Part of neuron that transmits impulses towards the cell body for interpretation

A

Dendrites

194
Q

Part of neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.

A

Axon

195
Q

Part of neuron that interprets neuronal impulses coming from dendrites.

A

Cell body/soma

195
Q

What are the divisions of nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

195
Q

What are the nerves under peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves

195
Q

Sympathetic nerves is otherwise known as ?

A

Thoracolumbar nerves

196
Q

Parasympathetic nerves is otherwise known as ?

A

Craniosacral nerves

196
Q

Peripheral nerves may be voluntary or involuntary. True or False?

A

True

196
Q

What is the outer protective covering of the brain?
Hint: Bone

A

Skull

196
Q

Enumerate all the parts of the brain.

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body & Hippocampus

196
Q

Brainstem is composed of ?

A

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

197
Q

Pons and medulla are the site for digestive center. True or False?

A

False. Respiratory center.

197
Q

What are the 2 respiratory centers present in the pons and medulla oblongata (which combined is the site of respiratory center)?

A

Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center

197
Q

It connects the forebrain and spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

198
Q

Spinal cord is otherwise known as?

A

Medulla spinalis

198
Q

The forebrain is composed of ?
Hint: 2 answers

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

198
Q

It is the rostral and largest brain compartment.

A

Cerebrum

198
Q

Part of the brain that is the seat of all conscious activities; memory and intelligence.

A

Cerebrum

198
Q

The caudal part of the brain that is regarded as the tree of life or “arbor vitae”.

A

Cerebellum

198
Q

Why is cerebellum regarded as the “arbor vitae”?

A

Due to presence of arborization – branching structures

198
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A

Involuntary function and balance

199
Q

Give the functions of hypothalamus.
Hint: 7 answers

A

Thirst and hunger center
Thermoregulatory center
Controls sexual behavior
Photoperiodicity
Osmolarity of the blood
Controls circadian rhythm
Controls biological clocks

199
Q

Otherwise known as hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

200
Q

Pituitary gland secretes ___ and ___.

A

Stimulating hormones (SH) and prolactin

200
Q

Pituitary gland is just ventral to the ___.

A

Hypothalamus

200
Q

Pineal body is otherwise known as the ___.

A

Epiphysis cerebri

200
Q

Pineal body secretes what hormone?

A

Melatonin

200
Q

In dogs, ___ is the site of tissue collection for demonstration of ___ bodies which are inclusion bodies in wave disinfection.

A

Hippocampus, negri

200
Q

Rabies positivity can be detected through what part of brain?

A

Hippocampus

200
Q

What are inclusion bodies observed in rabies infection?

A

Negri bodies

201
Q

What are the segments of spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal segments

201
Q

Nerves arising from the brain and can extend up to thoracic and abdominal regions

A

Cranial nerves

202
Q

It is the cranial nerve responsible for eyeball muscles; rotation of eyeball. Give the number and name.

A

CN#3 - Oculomotor

202
Q

It is the cranial nerve responsible for sense of smell. Give the number and name.

A

CN#1 - Olfactory

202
Q

It is the cranial nerve responsible for sense of sight/vision. Give the number and name.

A

CN#2 - Optic

202
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball. Give the number and name.

A

CN#6 - Abduscent/Abduscens

202
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the ophtalmic, maxillary, and mandibular structures. Give the number and name.

A

CN#5 - Trigeminal

202
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve?

A

CN#5 - Trigeminal

203
Q

It is the cranial nerve that is responsible for the movement of the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. Give the number and name.

A

CN#4 - Trochlear

203
Q

It is the shortest cranial nerve.

A

CN#4 - Trochlear

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that is responsible for the sense of audition or hearing and for equilibrium/ balance. Give the number and name.

A

CN#8 - Vestibulocochlear/ acoustic

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the taste buds and is for sense of taste/gustation. Give the number and name.

A

CN#9 - Glossopharyngeal

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the pharyngeal, neck, and some shoulder structures. Give the number and name.

A

CN#11 - Spinal Accessory

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the tongue muscle. Give the number and name.

A

CN#12 - Hypoglossal

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the thoracic and some abdominal organs. Give the number and name.

A

CN#10 - Vagus

204
Q

It is the longest cranial nerve.

A

CN#10 - Vagus

204
Q

It is the cranial nerve that innervates the facial muscles. Give the number and name.

A

CN#7 - Facial nerve

204
Q

Nerves arising from the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

204
Q

Nerves that have excitatory effects to organs

A

Sympathetic/ thoracolumbar nerves

204
Q

Nerves that have inhibitory effects to organs

A

Parasympathetic/ craniosacral nerves

204
Q

If there are 5 segments for the spinal cord; there are _ segments for spinal nerves.

A

5

204
Q

It is the system that secretes metabolically active hormones for various body processes.

A

Endocrine system

204
Q

Endocrine system secretes (releases) hormones from the cell directly to the ___ for redistribution in the body into the target organ.

A

Circulation

204
Q

ENDOCRINE:DUCTLESS::EXOCRINE:DUCTS

Correct or wrong?

A

Correct

204
Q

Give the 4 classifications of hormones.

A

Peptides
Steroidal
Lipid
Monoamines

204
Q

Peptides are composed of complex protein molecules which includes:
Hint: 4 answers

A

Hypothalamic
Pituitary
Pancreatic
Parathormone

204
Q

It is a classification of hormone that includes the adrenal cortex hormones and all reproductive/ gonadal hormones except ___.
Give the classification of hormone and answer the blank space.

A

Steroidal, relaxin

205
Q

___ hormone promotes relaxation of __ ligaments during parturition.

A

Relaxin, pelvic

205
Q

Relaxin is what type of hormone?

A

Peptide-type

205
Q

Give one example of hormones classified as lipid hormones.

A

Prostaglandin

205
Q

A classification of hormone that has one type of amino acid.

A

Monoamines

205
Q

In monoamines hormone, there can be a variation of amino acid present. What are these two variations?

A

Tyrosine amino acid
Tryptophan amino acid

205
Q

What are the tyrosine-derived hormones?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Thyroid hormones

205
Q

What are the tryptophan-derived hormones?

A

Melatonin
Serotonin

205
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

205
Q

T3 hormone is also known as?

A

Triiodothyronine

206
Q

T4 hormone is also known as?

A

Thyroxine/Tetraiodothyronine

207
Q

Hypothalamus secretes what hormones?

A

Releasing hormones (RH)

208
Q

This hormone have direct effect to hormones secreted by pituitary gland.

A

Releasing hormones (RH)

209
Q

Pituitary gland is attached to the base of ___.

A

Hypothalamus

209
Q

Hypothalamus is situated ventral to the ___.

A

Thalamus

210
Q

What are the 4 parts of pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars nervosa
Pars intermedia

211
Q

It is the part of hypophysis that separates pars distalis from pars nervosa.

A

Pars intermedia

212
Q

Among the 4 parts of hypophysis, which is directly above anterior pituitary?

A

Pars tuberalis

212
Q

Among the 4 parts of hypophysis, which is the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars distalis

212
Q

Among the 4 parts of hypophysis, which is the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars nervosa

213
Q

ACTH stands for?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

213
Q

What are the hormones secreted by pars distalis?

A

GH
ACTH
FSH
TSH
LH
Prolactin

214
Q

The 2 lobes of the thyroid gland is connected to the ___ near the ___ cartilage.

A

Isthmus, thyroid

215
Q

How many lobes are present in the thyroid gland?

A

2 distinct lobes

216
Q

T3 and T4 hormone both regulate the ___ of animals. Hint: answer is in 3 words

A

Basal metabolic rate

216
Q

Scattered among (interstitially) the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

217
Q

This hormone lowers blood calcium by promoting calcium deposition into bones.

A

Calcitonin

217
Q

Parafollicular cells of thyroid secretes what hormone?

A

Calcitonin

218
Q

Small aggregates of endocrine tissue near the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

219
Q

Parathyroid gland secretes what hormone?

A

PTH/ parathormone

220
Q

What does parathormone do with blood calcium?

A

Increases it by promoting calcium withdrawal from bone

221
Q

Hormone that promotes lactic genesis or milk production in the mammary gland.

A

Prolactin

222
Q

Located between the duodenal loop

A

Pancreas

222
Q

B-cells of the islet of Langerhans secrete?

A

Insulin

223
Q

A-cells of the islet of Langerhans secrete?

A

Glucagon

224
Q

Islet of Langerhans are small masses of exocrine tissue scattered throughout the pancreas. True or False?

A

False. Endocrine tissue.

225
Q

Adrenal gland is composed of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. What hormone does outer adrenal cortex secretes?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

225
Q

Adrenal gland is composed of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla. What hormone does inner adrenal medulla secretes?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

226
Q

Corpus albicans is made up of?

A

Fibroblast and other connective tissue

226
Q

The presence of vulvar bleeding and swelling is not the “period” in dogs. True or False?

A

True

227
Q

Vulvar bleeding represents ___. Hint: stage of estrus cycle

A

First day of proestrus

227
Q

Estrus stage in dogs is how many days?

A

1 (proestrus) - 11/13.
11-13 days.

228
Q

What structure in the ovary secrete progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

228
Q

What structure in the ovary secrete estrogen?

A

Graafian follicle

229
Q

___ cells secrete testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

230
Q

___ is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristic in male animals.

A

Testosterone

230
Q

The more immature the sperm cell, the more ___ they are inside the seminiferous tubule.

A

Peripheral

231
Q

Principal site for spermatocytogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubule

232
Q

Type of muscle that is made up of branching cells.

A

Cardiac Muscle

232
Q

It is type of muscle on which its nuclei are located at the periphery of the muscle fibers.

A

Skeletal Muscle

233
Q

It is type of muscle made up of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells.

A

Skeletal Muscles

233
Q

Classified as a striated, voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

234
Q

It is type of muscle on which its nuclei are located more centrally.

A

Cardiac muscle

234
Q

Type of muscle marked by the presence of intercalated disc.

A

Cardiac muscle

235
Q

Type of muscle made up of fusiform muscles without striations.

A

Smooth muscle

236
Q

Classified as non-striated involuntary muscle

A

Smooth muscle

237
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Trunk - Superficial Muscles

A

Splenius
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis

238
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Trunk - Epaxial spinal musculature

A
  1. Iliocostalis System
    Iliocostalis thoracis
    Iliocostalis lumborum
  2. Longissimus System
    Longissimus atlantis
    Longissimus capitis
    Longissimus cervicis
    Longissimus thoracis et lumborum
  3. Transverso-spinalis system
    Complexus
    Biventer
    Interspinales
    Intertransversarii
    Multifidus cervicis, thoracis, et lumborum
239
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Trunk - Neck Muscles (directly associated with the anterior limb)

A

Brachiocephalicus
Sternocephalicus
Sternohyoideus
Sternothyroideus
Scalenus
Longus capitis et colli

239
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Trunk - Tail muscles

A

Sacrocaudalis dorsalis et ventralis
Levator ani
Rectococcygeous
Sphincter ani externi et interni

240
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Thorax and Abdominal - Abdominal Muscles

A

Obliquus abdominis externus
Obliquus abdominis internus
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

241
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Thorax and Abdominal - Lateral and ventral thorax muscle

A

Intercostales externi et interni
Intercartilagini externi et interni
Retractores costarum
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis

241
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Sublumbar muscles

A

Psoas minor
Ilio-psoas

242
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Thoracic (Anterior limb) - Extrinsic thoracic muscles

A

Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboideus
Trapezius
Serratus ventralis
Pectoralis superficialis et profundus
Cleidocervicalis, cleidobrachialis, cleidomastoideus

242
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Inner pelvic muscles

A

Gemelli
Quadratus femoris

242
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Thoracic (Anterior limb) - Lateral shoulder muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Deltoideus

242
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Rump muscles

A

Tensor fasciae latae
gluteus

243
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Caudal thigh muscles

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

244
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Cranial thigh muscles

A

Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, v. medialis, v. intermedius, rectus femoris)

245
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Caudal crus muscles

A

Tibialis caudalis
Gastrocnemius
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Triceps surae
- Soleus
- Gastrocnemius

245
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Craniolateral crus muscles

A

Tibialis cranialis
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis

246
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Medial thigh muscles

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Pectineus
Adductor

247
Q

Enumerate the muscles.
Muscles of the Pelvic - Hindpaw muscle

A

Interflexorii
Lumbricales
Adductor digiti quinti
Quadratus plantae

REVIEWERS 2ND YEAR/3RD SEM (7 decks)

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