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Histopathology > Alveolar Bone & Related Pathologies (Exam III) > Flashcards

Alveolar Bone & Related Pathologies (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

The alveolar bone proper may also be called:

A
  1. Cribriform plate
  2. Bundle bone
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2
Q

Formed as a result of the attachment of the PDL fibers & passage of vessels & nerves into & out of the PDL:

A

Cribriform plate

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3
Q

The term ____ refers to the bone in which sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded:

A

Bundle bone

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4
Q

Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is randomly oriented

A

Woven bone

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5
Q

Type of bone that is generally newly formed (embryologic developmement) or associated with healing wounds:

A

Woven bone

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6
Q

When might woven bone be formed?

A

Embryologic development or healing wounds

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7
Q

_____ bone has more cells per unit area

A

Woven bone

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8
Q

Woven bone has a greater volume of ___ protein compared to mature bone

A

Non-collagenous

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9
Q

Describe the rate of formation of woven bone compared to mature bone

A

Formed more rapidly

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10
Q

Cancellous bone may also be called:

A

Spongiosa

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11
Q

Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates & within the marrow spaces:

A

Spongiosa (cancellous)

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12
Q

Where might spongiosa (cancellous) bone lie?

A
  1. Cortical plates
  2. Marrow spaces
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13
Q

Supporting alveolar bone includes:

A

Facial & lingual cortical plates

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14
Q

Facial & lingual cortical plates contain:

A
  1. lamellar bone
  2. Haversian bone
  3. Interstitial bone
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15
Q

Lamellar and Haversian bone are both ____ bone types:

A

Compact

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16
Q

Bone is 67% ____ & 33% ____

A

inorganic
organic

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17
Q

What makes up the inorganic portion of bone?

A

Ca hydroxyapatite

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18
Q

28% of the 33% organic component of bone is comprised of:

A

Collagen

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19
Q

Bone is comprised of 33% organic portion, 28% of that is made up of collagen, while the remaining 5% is comprised of:

A
  1. Osteocalcin
  2. Sialoprotein
  3. Phosphoprotein
  4. Osteonectin
  5. BMP
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20
Q

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes & mesenchymal cells are all cells associated with:

A

bone

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21
Q

An osteoblast that has been entrapped by its own osteoid matrix

A

Osteocyte

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22
Q

Radiate in all directions and allow diffusion of substances throughout bone:

A

Canaliculi

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23
Q

Processes of osteocytes travel within the canaliculi and connect to other osteoblasts/osteocytes allowing for _____

A

Cell-to-cell communication

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24
Q

Canaliculi may have some ____ properties

A

Mechanoreception

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25
Q

A dense connective tissue bound to bone by sharpens fibers that contains blood vessels, nerves and three cell layers:

A

Periosteum

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26
Q

How is periosteum bound to bone?

A

Via sharpeys fibers

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27
Q

What three cell layers make up the periosteum?

A
  1. Peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
  2. Intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. proximal cell layer of osteoblasts
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28
Q

The peripheral cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

Fibroblasts

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29
Q

The intermediate cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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30
Q

The proximal cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:

A

Osteoblasts

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31
Q

What are the three types of cells that make up the three layers of the periosteum?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. Osteoblasts
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32
Q

Lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae)

A

Endosteum

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33
Q

Endosteum generally has the same composition as periosteum but is significantly:

A

Thinner

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34
Q

What are the types of collagen proteins associated with bone?

A

Types: 1, 2, 5, 10

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35
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: Ubiquitous in distribution

A

Type 1

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36
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: Primarily a cartilage protein

A

Type 2

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37
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: Granulation & mesenchymal tissues

A

Type 3

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38
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Fibrillar: Stromal connective tissue & promotes cellular attachment & migration:

A

Type 5

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39
Q

Name the type of collagen associated with bone:

Growth plate: Facilitates conversion of cartilage to bone:

A

Type 10

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40
Q

Type X collagen protein that is associated with bone is located within the ____ and facilities conversion of ____ to _____

A

Growth plate; cartilage to bone

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41
Q

Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Osteocalcin
Sialoprotein
Phosphoprotein
Glycoprotein
Proteoglycan
Bone specific protein
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Carboxyglutamic acid containing protein

These are all ____ proteins associated with _____

A

Non-collagenous; Bone matrix

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42
Q

The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone are characterized by their: (3)

A
  1. Highly acidic nature
  2. High aggregation tendencies
  3. Calcium binding properties
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43
Q

In-Situ remodeling, intramembranous bone formation & endochondral bone formation are all processes of:

A

Bone formation

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44
Q

A process of osteoclasts resorption, and bone replacement by osteoblast activity

A

In-Situ remodeling

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45
Q

In-Situ remodeling is mostly seen in areas of alveolar bone affected by:

A

Orthodontics

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46
Q

Bone formation within or between connective tissue membranes consisting of Type 1 collagen

A

Intramembranous bone formation

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47
Q

What type of collagen is involved with intramembranous bone formation?

A

Type 1

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48
Q

In intramembranous bone formation the bone (does or does not) replace cartilage

In endochondral bone formation the bone (does or does not) replace cartilage

A

DOES NOT

DOES

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49
Q

Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone:

A

Endochondral bone formation

50
Q

List the stages (in order) of In-situ bone remodeling:

A
  1. Resorption
  2. Reversal
  3. Formation
  4. Resting
51
Q

Intramembranous bone formation is found in the ______ layers of bone as well as _____

A

Inner spongey; sutures

52
Q

An extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone deposition allowing for growth of the surrounding tissues:

A

Intramembranous bone formation

53
Q

_____ is an example of intramembranous bone growth

A

Woven bone

54
Q

During intramembranous bone formation _____ secrete matrix vesicles that mineralize surrounding collagen fibers

A

osteoblasts

55
Q

During intramembraneous bone formation the osteoblasts secrete _____ that mineralize surrounding _____

A

Matrix vesicles; Collagen fibers

56
Q

In intramembranous bone formation the osteoblasts become ____ and eventually are considered _____

A

trapped; osteocytes

57
Q

What is the key content of matrix vesicles?

A

Akaline phosphatase

58
Q

List all the contents found within matrix vesicles:

A
  1. Alkaline phosphatase
  2. Pyrophosphatase
  3. Glycoproteins
  4. Phosphoproteins
  5. Phospholipids
59
Q

Alkaline phosphatase
Pyrophosphatase
Glycoproteins
Phosphoproteins
Phospolipids

these are all contents of:

A

Matrix vesicles

60
Q

Where does endochondral bone formation mostly take place? (4)

A

Mostly seen in vertebrae, long bones, base of skull & head of the mandible

61
Q

What makes the general outline of the final bone shape in endochondral bone formation?

A

Mesenchymal cells

62
Q

During endochondral bone formation, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into _____

A

chondroblasts

63
Q

What happens to the chondroblasts during endochondral bone formation?

A
  1. increase in size
  2. secrete collagen
64
Q

During endochondral bone formation the newly formed chondrocytes eventually:

A

die

65
Q

During endochondral bone formation what following death of the newly formed chondrocytes, vascular tissue from surrounding perichondrium ______ the cartilage allowing for _____ & ___ cells to tenter the area

A

Invades; mesenchymal cells & chondrocytes

66
Q

During endochondral bone formation, the invading chondrocytes ____ the cartilage and newly differentiated ____ deposit ____ onto the cartilgae

A

Eat away; osteoblasts; osteoid

67
Q

During endochondral bone formation the osteoid is mineralized by _____ and bone is made

A

osteocytes

68
Q

During endochondral bone formation- the growth of these bones is dependent on the growth of:

A

Cartilage

69
Q

During endochondral bone formation- when does growth of the bone stop?

A

Once cartilage has been completely removed

70
Q

List the zones of cellular activity in endochondral bone formation: (6)

A
  1. Reserve (resting chondrocyte)
  2. Proliferation
  3. Maturation
  4. Hypertrophy & calcification
  5. Cartilage degerneration
  6. Osteogenesis
71
Q

Bone metabolism is controlled systemically by ___ & locally by ____

A

Systemically- hormones

Locally- mechanical factors, growth factors, cytokines

72
Q
  • PTH
  • Vitamin D3 (1, 25)
  • Calcitonin
  • Estrogen
  • Glucocorticoids

Are all ____ important to _____

A

Hormones; bone metabolism

73
Q

-IL-1
-IL-6
-BMP-2
-BMP-7
-TGF
-IGF-1
-IGF-2
-PDGF
-FGFB

Are all ____ important to ____

A

Cytokines & growth factors important to bone metabolism

74
Q

What interleukins are important to bone metabolism?

What BMPs are important to bone metabolism?

What IGFs are important to bone metabolism?

A

Interleukin 1 & 6

BMP 2 & 7

IGF 1 & 2

75
Q

Under conditions that favor bone resorption, osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines & hormones to produce ___ which, in turn, promotes differentiation of osteoclasts

A

IL-6

76
Q

What does IL-6 promote under conditions that favor bone resorption?

A

Differentiation of osteoclasts

77
Q

Involves the creation of localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix

A

Osteoclast mediated resorption

78
Q

Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the creation of:

A

A localized acidic pH

79
Q

In osteoclastic resorption of bone, the creation of a localized acidic pH is used to:

A

Demineralize hydroxyapaptite & a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix

80
Q

What is the reaction for osteoclasts mediated resorption?

A

Carbon dioxide + water yields bicarbonate and protons

81
Q

The osteoclast mediated resorption reaction is catalyzed by:

A

Carbonic anhydrase

82
Q

_____ is dictated by:

-facial lingual alignment of teeth
-mesial to distal contour of the CEJ
-facial lingual width of teeth
-presence of enamel pearls or cervical enamel projections

A

Shape of tooth-associated facial and lingual cortical bone

83
Q

_____ is dictated by:

  • facial to lingual contour of the CEJ
  • mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
  • root proximity
  • presence of enamel pearls
  • state of tooth eruption
A

Shape of the interproximal alveolar bone

84
Q

An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that allows exposure of the underlying root surface:

A

Fenestration

85
Q

A denuded area of cortical bone that extends through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like” defect:

A

Dehiscence

86
Q

Fenestrations & dehiscences are both:

A

Anatomic defects of alveolar bone

87
Q

Exostosis & torus/tori are both:

A

Anatomic variations of alveolar bone

88
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the maxillary facial & lingual and the mandibular facial

A

Exostosis

89
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the mandibular lingual or midline of the palate:

A

Torus/Tori

90
Q

Generally asymptomatic causing a painless expansion of bone

A

Giant cell tumor

91
Q

A giant cell tumor is usually a single lesion that can be either:

A

Unilocular or multilocular

92
Q

Giant cell tumors are often confused with _____ or ___ or ____

A

ameloblastoma; periodical granuloma; periapical cyst

93
Q

A giant cell tumor is histologically characterized by the presence of numerous ____ in a storm of ovoid & spindle shaped _____

A

multinucleate giant cells; mesenchymal cells

94
Q

Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving bone:

A

Multiple myeloma

95
Q

In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells are typically ______ meaning _____

A

Monoclonal; they arise form a single cell

96
Q

In multiple myeloma patients frequently suffer ____ due to overload of circulating light chain protein ______ produce by the abnormal plasma cells

A

kidney failure; Bence Jones protein

97
Q

In multiple myeloma, the histology shows monotonous sheets of ____, variably differentiated ____ cells that invade and replace normal host tissue

A

Neoplastic; Plasmacytoid

98
Q

In multiple myeloma, radiographically patients may exhibit ____ areas in the _____

A

“punched out”
Cranium

99
Q

In multiple myeloma the “punched out” areas in the cranium seen reaediographically are filled with the:

A

Neoplastic plasmacytoid cells

100
Q

A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone:

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

101
Q

Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms ____ is the most common type of malignancy to originate within bone

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

102
Q

What are the most common symptoms associated with osteogenic sarcoma?

A

pain & swelling

103
Q

In osteogenic sarcoma radiographic finding vary from _____ to a mixed _____ lesion

About 25% of lesions exhibit a ___ pattern

A

Dense sclerosis to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion ; sunburst

104
Q

The embryonic origin of enamel is:

A

Ectoderm

105
Q

The embryonic origin of dentin, cementum & bone is:

A

Mesenchyme & ectomesenchyme

106
Q

Matrix forming cell of enamel:

A

Ameloblast

107
Q

Matrix forming cell of dentin:

A

Odontoblast

108
Q

Matrix forming cell of cementum:

A

Cementoblast

109
Q

Matrix forming cell of bone:

A

Osteoblast

110
Q

The mechanism of growth for enamel, cementum & dentin is:

A

Appositional

111
Q

The mechanism of growth for bone is:

A

Appositional & interstitial

112
Q

The organic matrix of enamel is comprised of:

A

Amelogenin & enamelin

113
Q

The organic matrix of dentin, cementum & bone is comprised of:

A

Type-1 collagen

114
Q

Describe the blood supply to enamel, dentin & cementum:

A

None

115
Q

Does bone get blood supply?

A

Yes

116
Q

Describe the innervation to enamel & cementum:

Describe the innervation to dentin:

Describe the innervation to bone:

A

None

Limited

Extensive

117
Q

Describe the intercellular space of enamel:

A

Nonexistent

118
Q

Describe the intercellular space of dentin:

A

Dentinal tubules

119
Q

Describe the intercellular space of cementum:

A

Lacunae & canaliculi

120
Q

Describe the intercellular space of bone:

A

Lacunae & canaliculi

Histopathology (15 decks)

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