Alveolar Bone & Related Pathologies (Exam III) Flashcards
The alveolar bone proper may also be called:
- Cribriform plate
- Bundle bone
Formed as a result of the attachment of the PDL fibers & passage of vessels & nerves into & out of the PDL:
Cribriform plate
The term ____ refers to the bone in which sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded:
Bundle bone
Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is randomly oriented
Woven bone
Type of bone that is generally newly formed (embryologic developmement) or associated with healing wounds:
Woven bone
When might woven bone be formed?
Embryologic development or healing wounds
_____ bone has more cells per unit area
Woven bone
Woven bone has a greater volume of ___ protein compared to mature bone
Non-collagenous
Describe the rate of formation of woven bone compared to mature bone
Formed more rapidly
Cancellous bone may also be called:
Spongiosa
Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates & within the marrow spaces:
Spongiosa (cancellous)
Where might spongiosa (cancellous) bone lie?
- Cortical plates
- Marrow spaces
Supporting alveolar bone includes:
Facial & lingual cortical plates
Facial & lingual cortical plates contain:
- lamellar bone
- Haversian bone
- Interstitial bone
Lamellar and Haversian bone are both ____ bone types:
Compact
Bone is 67% ____ & 33% ____
inorganic
organic
What makes up the inorganic portion of bone?
Ca hydroxyapatite
28% of the 33% organic component of bone is comprised of:
Collagen
Bone is comprised of 33% organic portion, 28% of that is made up of collagen, while the remaining 5% is comprised of:
- Osteocalcin
- Sialoprotein
- Phosphoprotein
- Osteonectin
- BMP
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes & mesenchymal cells are all cells associated with:
bone
An osteoblast that has been entrapped by its own osteoid matrix
Osteocyte
Radiate in all directions and allow diffusion of substances throughout bone:
Canaliculi
Processes of osteocytes travel within the canaliculi and connect to other osteoblasts/osteocytes allowing for _____
Cell-to-cell communication
Canaliculi may have some ____ properties
Mechanoreception
A dense connective tissue bound to bone by sharpens fibers that contains blood vessels, nerves and three cell layers:
Periosteum
How is periosteum bound to bone?
Via sharpeys fibers
What three cell layers make up the periosteum?
- Peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
- Intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
- proximal cell layer of osteoblasts
The peripheral cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:
Fibroblasts
The intermediate cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
The proximal cell layer making up part of the periosteum is comprised of:
Osteoblasts
What are the three types of cells that make up the three layers of the periosteum?
- Fibroblasts
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
- Osteoblasts
Lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae)
Endosteum
Endosteum generally has the same composition as periosteum but is significantly:
Thinner
What are the types of collagen proteins associated with bone?
Types: 1, 2, 5, 10
Name the type of collagen associated with bone:
Fibrillar: Ubiquitous in distribution
Type 1
Name the type of collagen associated with bone:
Fibrillar: Primarily a cartilage protein
Type 2
Name the type of collagen associated with bone:
Fibrillar: Granulation & mesenchymal tissues
Type 3
Name the type of collagen associated with bone:
Fibrillar: Stromal connective tissue & promotes cellular attachment & migration:
Type 5
Name the type of collagen associated with bone:
Growth plate: Facilitates conversion of cartilage to bone:
Type 10
Type X collagen protein that is associated with bone is located within the ____ and facilities conversion of ____ to _____
Growth plate; cartilage to bone
Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Osteocalcin
Sialoprotein
Phosphoprotein
Glycoprotein
Proteoglycan
Bone specific protein
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Carboxyglutamic acid containing protein
These are all ____ proteins associated with _____
Non-collagenous; Bone matrix
The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone are characterized by their: (3)
- Highly acidic nature
- High aggregation tendencies
- Calcium binding properties
In-Situ remodeling, intramembranous bone formation & endochondral bone formation are all processes of:
Bone formation
A process of osteoclasts resorption, and bone replacement by osteoblast activity
In-Situ remodeling
In-Situ remodeling is mostly seen in areas of alveolar bone affected by:
Orthodontics
Bone formation within or between connective tissue membranes consisting of Type 1 collagen
Intramembranous bone formation
What type of collagen is involved with intramembranous bone formation?
Type 1
In intramembranous bone formation the bone (does or does not) replace cartilage
In endochondral bone formation the bone (does or does not) replace cartilage
DOES NOT
DOES
Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone:
Endochondral bone formation
List the stages (in order) of In-situ bone remodeling:
- Resorption
- Reversal
- Formation
- Resting
Intramembranous bone formation is found in the ______ layers of bone as well as _____
Inner spongey; sutures
An extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone deposition allowing for growth of the surrounding tissues:
Intramembranous bone formation
_____ is an example of intramembranous bone growth
Woven bone
During intramembranous bone formation _____ secrete matrix vesicles that mineralize surrounding collagen fibers
osteoblasts
During intramembraneous bone formation the osteoblasts secrete _____ that mineralize surrounding _____
Matrix vesicles; Collagen fibers
In intramembranous bone formation the osteoblasts become ____ and eventually are considered _____
trapped; osteocytes
What is the key content of matrix vesicles?
Akaline phosphatase
List all the contents found within matrix vesicles:
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Pyrophosphatase
- Glycoproteins
- Phosphoproteins
- Phospholipids
Alkaline phosphatase
Pyrophosphatase
Glycoproteins
Phosphoproteins
Phospolipids
these are all contents of:
Matrix vesicles
Where does endochondral bone formation mostly take place? (4)
Mostly seen in vertebrae, long bones, base of skull & head of the mandible
What makes the general outline of the final bone shape in endochondral bone formation?
Mesenchymal cells
During endochondral bone formation, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into _____
chondroblasts
What happens to the chondroblasts during endochondral bone formation?
- increase in size
- secrete collagen
During endochondral bone formation the newly formed chondrocytes eventually:
die
During endochondral bone formation what following death of the newly formed chondrocytes, vascular tissue from surrounding perichondrium ______ the cartilage allowing for _____ & ___ cells to tenter the area
Invades; mesenchymal cells & chondrocytes
During endochondral bone formation, the invading chondrocytes ____ the cartilage and newly differentiated ____ deposit ____ onto the cartilgae
Eat away; osteoblasts; osteoid
During endochondral bone formation the osteoid is mineralized by _____ and bone is made
osteocytes
During endochondral bone formation- the growth of these bones is dependent on the growth of:
Cartilage
During endochondral bone formation- when does growth of the bone stop?
Once cartilage has been completely removed
List the zones of cellular activity in endochondral bone formation: (6)
- Reserve (resting chondrocyte)
- Proliferation
- Maturation
- Hypertrophy & calcification
- Cartilage degerneration
- Osteogenesis
Bone metabolism is controlled systemically by ___ & locally by ____
Systemically- hormones
Locally- mechanical factors, growth factors, cytokines
- PTH
- Vitamin D3 (1, 25)
- Calcitonin
- Estrogen
- Glucocorticoids
Are all ____ important to _____
Hormones; bone metabolism
-IL-1
-IL-6
-BMP-2
-BMP-7
-TGF
-IGF-1
-IGF-2
-PDGF
-FGFB
Are all ____ important to ____
Cytokines & growth factors important to bone metabolism
What interleukins are important to bone metabolism?
What BMPs are important to bone metabolism?
What IGFs are important to bone metabolism?
Interleukin 1 & 6
BMP 2 & 7
IGF 1 & 2
Under conditions that favor bone resorption, osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines & hormones to produce ___ which, in turn, promotes differentiation of osteoclasts
IL-6
What does IL-6 promote under conditions that favor bone resorption?
Differentiation of osteoclasts
Involves the creation of localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix
Osteoclast mediated resorption
Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the creation of:
A localized acidic pH
In osteoclastic resorption of bone, the creation of a localized acidic pH is used to:
Demineralize hydroxyapaptite & a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix
What is the reaction for osteoclasts mediated resorption?
Carbon dioxide + water yields bicarbonate and protons
The osteoclast mediated resorption reaction is catalyzed by:
Carbonic anhydrase
_____ is dictated by:
-facial lingual alignment of teeth
-mesial to distal contour of the CEJ
-facial lingual width of teeth
-presence of enamel pearls or cervical enamel projections
Shape of tooth-associated facial and lingual cortical bone
_____ is dictated by:
- facial to lingual contour of the CEJ
- mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
- root proximity
- presence of enamel pearls
- state of tooth eruption
Shape of the interproximal alveolar bone
An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that allows exposure of the underlying root surface:
Fenestration
A denuded area of cortical bone that extends through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like” defect:
Dehiscence
Fenestrations & dehiscences are both:
Anatomic defects of alveolar bone
Exostosis & torus/tori are both:
Anatomic variations of alveolar bone
An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the maxillary facial & lingual and the mandibular facial
Exostosis
An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. This term is generally used in reference to the mandibular lingual or midline of the palate:
Torus/Tori
Generally asymptomatic causing a painless expansion of bone
Giant cell tumor
A giant cell tumor is usually a single lesion that can be either:
Unilocular or multilocular
Giant cell tumors are often confused with _____ or ___ or ____
ameloblastoma; periodical granuloma; periapical cyst
A giant cell tumor is histologically characterized by the presence of numerous ____ in a storm of ovoid & spindle shaped _____
multinucleate giant cells; mesenchymal cells
Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving bone:
Multiple myeloma
In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells are typically ______ meaning _____
Monoclonal; they arise form a single cell
In multiple myeloma patients frequently suffer ____ due to overload of circulating light chain protein ______ produce by the abnormal plasma cells
kidney failure; Bence Jones protein
In multiple myeloma, the histology shows monotonous sheets of ____, variably differentiated ____ cells that invade and replace normal host tissue
Neoplastic; Plasmacytoid
In multiple myeloma, radiographically patients may exhibit ____ areas in the _____
“punched out”
Cranium
In multiple myeloma the “punched out” areas in the cranium seen reaediographically are filled with the:
Neoplastic plasmacytoid cells
A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone:
Osteogenic sarcoma
Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms ____ is the most common type of malignancy to originate within bone
Osteogenic sarcoma
What are the most common symptoms associated with osteogenic sarcoma?
pain & swelling
In osteogenic sarcoma radiographic finding vary from _____ to a mixed _____ lesion
About 25% of lesions exhibit a ___ pattern
Dense sclerosis to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion ; sunburst
The embryonic origin of enamel is:
Ectoderm
The embryonic origin of dentin, cementum & bone is:
Mesenchyme & ectomesenchyme
Matrix forming cell of enamel:
Ameloblast
Matrix forming cell of dentin:
Odontoblast
Matrix forming cell of cementum:
Cementoblast
Matrix forming cell of bone:
Osteoblast
The mechanism of growth for enamel, cementum & dentin is:
Appositional
The mechanism of growth for bone is:
Appositional & interstitial
The organic matrix of enamel is comprised of:
Amelogenin & enamelin
The organic matrix of dentin, cementum & bone is comprised of:
Type-1 collagen
Describe the blood supply to enamel, dentin & cementum:
None
Does bone get blood supply?
Yes
Describe the innervation to enamel & cementum:
Describe the innervation to dentin:
Describe the innervation to bone:
None
Limited
Extensive
Describe the intercellular space of enamel:
Nonexistent
Describe the intercellular space of dentin:
Dentinal tubules
Describe the intercellular space of cementum:
Lacunae & canaliculi
Describe the intercellular space of bone:
Lacunae & canaliculi
