Alteration in metabolic system

Question 1

what are considered the control centers

Answer 1

pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Question 2

what are some meds for treating endocrine disorders

Answer 2

hypoglycemics (metformin, insulin), hormone therapy (growth hormone, levothyoxine), hormone suppression therapy), corticosteriods, desmopressin

Question 3

what does growth hormone deficency cause

Answer 3

Hypopituitarism or dwarfism
Poor growth and short stature (one of the reasons growth is tracked)

Question 4

what is the patho of growth hormone deficency

Answer 4

Failure of anterior pituitary or hypothalamic stimulation on the pituitary to produce enough GH

Question 5

what could be some causes of growth hormone deficiency

Answer 5

Tumor, Infection, Infarction, Abnormal formation in utero, Part of a genetic syndrome, Idiopathic

Question 6

what is the treatment goal for growth hormone deficiency

Answer 6

Promote growth of 3-5 inches in first year of treatment without complications

Question 7

when does treatment stop for growth hormone deficiency

Answer 7

Treatment stops when epiphyseal growth plates fuse (shown on xray)
Referral to endocrinologist
Monitor height every 3-6 months

Question 8

what is the medication use for growth hormone deficiency

Answer 8

somatropin (like an epi pen)

Question 9

what are some complications from growth hormone deficiency

Answer 9

altered carbs/protein/fat metabolism, glucose intolerance, luekemia, CNS tumors, edema,

Question 10

what is precocious puberty

Answer 10

Development sexual characteristics before usual age of onset of puberty, resulting in an overall short stature due to early closure of the epiphyseal plates.

Question 11

who does precocious puberty more commonly affect

Answer 11

females before the age of 8, can affect males too before the age of 9 (caused by CNS abnormlaities female cause unknown)

Question 12

how is precocious puberty diagnosed

Answer 12

GnRH stimulation

Question 13

what are some diagnostic testing that can be done for precocious puberty

Answer 13

radiography and pevlic ultrasound to look at bone age, increased uterus size,
CT, mrI to ID CNS lesions or cyst in the abdomen, pelvic area

Question 14

what is the treatment for precocious puberty

Answer 14

GnRH analog (intranasal, SQ)
Medroxyprogesterone - Depo-Provera (injection) or Cycrin (tablets)

Question 15

what is delayed puberty

Answer 15

Condition of delayed secondary sexual development

Question 16

how is delayed puberty shown in boys and girls

Answer 16

Breasts have not developed & pubic hair has not appeared by age 14
Menarche has not occurred by age 17
No testicular enlargement, scrotal changes, or pubic hair by age 15

Question 17

what is the cause of delayed puberty

Answer 17

hereditary

Question 18

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

Type 1: Caused by a deficiency of insulin secretion due to pancreatice B-cell damage

Question 19

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

Consequence of insulin resistance that occurs at the level of skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue with different degrees of B-cell impairment

Question 20

what labs show type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

8-hr fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dL
Random blood glucose > 200 mg/dL with S/S
HbA1c > 4-5.9% (expected)
Children acceptable range is 6.5 – 8 (with target goal of less than 7)

Question 21

what are the ss of type 2 diabetes

Answer 21

Polyuria/polydipsia, fatigue, blurry vision,

Question 22

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

: oral antidiabetic agents or insulin (if not controlled with nutrition and exercise/wt loss

Question 23

what are some ss of diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 23

Anorexia, nausea and vomiting
Lethargy, stupor, altered level of consciousness, confusion
Decreased skin turgor
Abdominal pain
Kussmaul respirations and air hunger
Fruity (sweet-smelling) or acetone breath odor
Presence of ketones in urine and blood
Tachycardia, and if left untreated, coma and death