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Peds exam 1 > Alteration in gas exchange > Flashcards

Alteration in gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

why are infants belly breathers

A

because their intercostal muscles are still week

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2
Q

why dont infants have productive coughs

A

because they dont produce alot of mucus

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3
Q

how many alveoli does an infant have compared to a 7-8 year old

A

50million, 7-8 year old have 300 million

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4
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs

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5
Q

how many L of oxygen do babies consume compared to adults

A

infants 6-8L/min, adults 3-4L/min

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6
Q

what is the RR of a preterm infant

A

40-60

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7
Q

what is the RR of newborn- 1 year

A

30-35

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8
Q

what is the RR of a 2-6 year old

A

21-25

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9
Q

what is the RR of a 6-12 year old

A

19-21

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10
Q

what sound would you hear when percussing someone with pneumonia

A

dull

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11
Q

what are antihistamines for

A

allergic rhinitis, asthma

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12
Q

what are anticholinergic for

A

acute or chronic wheezing - by bronchodilation

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13
Q

what do B2 agonist do

A

smooth muscle relaxer results in bronchdilation

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14
Q

what are the organisms that cause upper respiratory infections

A

Most common: rhinovirus, parainfluenza, adenovirus
Others: parainfluenza, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus

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15
Q

how many colds to children have a year

A

6-9 colds per year

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16
Q

how long do respiratory infections last

A

7-10 days

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17
Q

a cold past 7-10 days is what

A

sinuisitis rhinosinusitis

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18
Q

acute sinusitis is less then how many days

A

30 days

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19
Q

chronic sinusitis is between _ and _ week

A

4 and 6

20
Q

what is bronchiolitis

A

acute inflammatory process of the bronchioles and small bronchi

21
Q

what are some organisms that cause bronchiolitis

A

RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus

22
Q

how does RSV infect someone

A

invades nasopharynx into lower airway - aspiration of secretions - spreads from adults to children

23
Q

what does RSV do to the lungs

A

Air trapping occurs as a result of the inability to achieve full expiration
Hyperinflation and atelectasis occur
Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion are mismatched
Hypoventilation r/t increased work of breathing

24
Q

what are some ss of Bronchiolitis (RSV)

A

fever, cough, wheezing, paryingitis, mucus, elevated ESR

25
Q

what are some ss of sudden onset of respiratory distress

A

Increased respiratory rate, Nasal flaring, Retractions on inspiration, Tachycardia and cyanosis (r/t hypoxia), Low oxygen saturation

26
Q

what are some labs and tests that should be done for Bronchiolitis (RSV)

A

pulse ox, chest radiography (for hyperinfiltration), ABGs, nasal-pharyngeal wash

27
Q

how is RSV confirmed

A

RSV via (ELISA) or (IFA) testing- confirmed

28
Q

what kind of precautions should be placed from someone with RSV

A

droplet

29
Q

what is the med to prevent RSV and how does it work

A

Palivizumab (Synagis) – monoclonal antibody immunoprophylaxis
For high-risk infants/toddlers < 24-months-old
Intramuscular IM injection
every 28-30 days
1st dose before RSV season

30
Q

what is Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A

inflammation and edema of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Viral: Parainfluenza is most common cause

31
Q

what are some ss of Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A

worse at night, inspiratory stridor, barking cough, last 3-5 days

32
Q

what are some complications that can occur with Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A

worsening respiratory distress, hypoxia, bacterial superinfection, epiglottits

33
Q

what is the treatment for Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A

corticosteriods (dexamethasone 0.15-0.6), racemic epinephrine nebulizer

34
Q

what is Epiglottitis

A

Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis most often caused by Haemophilus Influenza type b, affects 1-8 years old

35
Q

what are some ss of Epiglottitis

A

high fever, dysphagia, toxic apperance

36
Q

what are some complications of Epiglottitis

A

respiratory arrest, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema

37
Q

what is Epiglottitis diagnosed

A

soft tissue imaging of neck and chest, blood cultures, history

38
Q

how is Epiglottitis treated

A

corticosteriods, antibiotics (ampicillin and sulbactam

39
Q

what are the dos and dont of Epiglottitis

A

do not attempt to visualize the throat, place in supine
do provide 100% o2, ensure tracheostomy tray and emergency equipment are readily available

40
Q

what is tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils
Bacterial or viral
Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci 20-30% of cases

41
Q

what are some complications of tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

airway obstruction, shifting of uvula, peritonitis abscess, increased risk for rheumatic fever, glomelular nephritis

42
Q

what are the meds used to treat tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

Antibiotics: penicillin
PCN allergic: ocephalsoprin, microline

43
Q

what are some ss of tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

drooling, fever, exudate, throat pain, mouth breathing, nasal sounding voice

44
Q

what is post op care from someone who had tonsillectomy

A

side lying or prone, dont cough, avoid citrus and brown red fluids, ice collar, avoid highly seasoned and sharp foods, watch for frequent swallowing as it can be a sign of bleeding

45
Q

what are some ss of cystic fibrosis

A

Salty tasting skin, Chronic Respiratory symptoms, Frequent lung infections, Poor growth, Constipation, Greasy, bulky stools, malnutrition,

46
Q

what are some early signs of respiratory distress

A

Restlessness | anxiety
Tachycardia
Tachypnea

47
Q

what are some late signs of respiratory distress

A

Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Severe dyspnea

Peds exam 1 (12 decks)

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