Alteration in GU disorders

Question 1

what is the glomerular filtration rate of an infant compared to an adult

Answer 1

slower in an infant which increases the risk for dehydration

Question 2

what is the infants bladder capacity

Answer 2

30 ml

Question 3

when is an infant bladder adult size

Answer 3

by 1 year

Question 4

how do you apply a urine bag on a male

Answer 4

cleanse the area, apply benzoin for adhesion, ensure the penis is fully in the bag, tuck it in the diaper, and check it frequently

Question 5

how do you apply a urine bag on a female

Answer 5

cleanse the area, apply benzoin for adhesion, apply the narrow portion of the bag to the perineal space, tuck it in the diaper, and check it frequently

Question 6

what are some meds used for GU disorders

Answer 6

antibiotcs, anticholinergics, desmopressin, diuretics, corticosteriods, ACE inhibitors, imipramine, immunosuppresants, albumin

Question 7

what is obstructive uropathy

Answer 7

Any obstruction along the ureter between the kidney, pelvis, and bladder

Question 8

where is the Ureteropelvic junction

Answer 8

pelvis to ureter

Question 9

where is the Ureterovesical junction

Answer 9

lower ureter to bladder

Question 10

where is the Ureterocele

Answer 10

ureter swells into bladder

Question 11

where is the Posterior urethral valves

Answer 11

flaps of tissue in proximal urethra, males only

Question 12

what is vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 12

urine flow backward up the ureter

Question 13

is urine sterile

Answer 13

urinary tract is sterile from the kidneys to urtheral meatus once the urine hits air it is no longer sterile

Question 14

what are some defenses against urinary tract infections

Answer 14

Complete emptying of the bladder during urination, Urine acidity, Vesicoureteral Valve (prevents backflow of urine into kidneys), Various Immunologic and Mucosal Barriers

Question 15

what is the most common UTI

Answer 15

cystitis - infection in the bladder

Question 16

who is more common for UTIs and what

Answer 16

Females have a shorter urethra; close proximity to the vagina & anus

Question 17

what protects a male from UTIs

Answer 17

Antibacterial properties of prostate secretions somewhat protect adolescent males

Question 18

what are symptoms that an infant has a UTI

Answer 18

fever, irritability, vomiting, failure to thrive, or jaundice

Question 19

what are some symptoms that a child has a UTI

Answer 19

fever, vomiting, dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, urgency, pain

Question 20

what are the causative organisms for UTIs

Answer 20

Escherichia coli
Less common:
Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus

Question 21

what is primary enuresis

Answer 21

never achieved voluntary bladder control

Question 22

what is secondary enuresis

Answer 22

previously demonstrated bladder control over a period of 3-6 months

Question 23

what is dinurnal enuresis

Answer 23

daytime loss of bladder control

Question 24

what is noctural enuresis

Answer 24

nighttime bedwetting

Question 25

what is nephrotic syndrome

Answer 25

Increased glomerular basement membrane permeability > increased loss of protein in the urine.

Question 26

what is the cause of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 26

unknown mostly, congential (finnish males), diabetes, lupus,

Question 27

what are some lab changes for nephrotic syndrome

Answer 27

proteinuria, hypoalubminemia (causes third spacing), hyperlipdemia, all increases risk for infection, and clotting from low fluid

Question 28

how is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed

Answer 28

Insidious onset (don’t see it coming), Marked proteinuria, Elevated ESR, MRI or Renal Biopsy

Question 29

how is nephrotic syndrome treated

Answer 29

Corticosteroids, Diuretics, immunosuppressant therapy

Question 30

what is renal failure

Answer 30

Condition in which the kidneys cannot concentrate urine, conserve electrolytes, or excrete waste products

Question 31

what is the treatment for end stage renal disease (chronic renal failure)

Answer 31

dailysis, kidney transplant

Question 32

what is the cause of vulvoginitis

Answer 32

bacterial or yeast overgrowth, chemical factors (soaps, purfume), poor hygiene, tight clothing, scratching

Question 33

what are the ss of pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 33

Fever, Abdominal pain, Pain with intercourse, Dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cycles) , Abnormal uterine bleeding

Question 34

what are the long term complications of pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 34

chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, infertility related to scarring

Question 35

what are the benefits of circumcision

Answer 35

UTI, Sexually transmitted infections, HIV infection, Penile cancer, Cervical cancer in female partners

Question 36

what are some complications of circumcision

Answer 36

Alterations in the urinary meatus, Unintentional removal of excessive amounts of foreskin, Damage to the glans penis

Question 37

what is epididymitis

Answer 37

inflammation of the epididymis

Question 38

what is the cause of epididymitis

Answer 38

infection with bacteria

Question 39

what is the most common cause of pain in the scrotum

Answer 39

epididymitis

Question 40

when does epididymitis occur

Answer 40

rarely occurs before puberty

Question 41

what is the management of epididymitis

Answer 41

get rid of the bacteria

Question 42

if epididymitis is not treated what happens

Answer 42

scrotal abscess, testicular infarction, or infertility may occur

Question 43

what is testicular torsion

Answer 43

testicle is abnormally attached to the scrotum and twisted

Question 44

how is testicular torsion treated and what happens if nothing is done

Answer 44

mediate surgery because ischemia can result if the torsion is left untreated, leading to infertility

Question 45

when is it most common for testicular torsion to occur

Answer 45

most commonly occurs in boys aged 12 to 18 years

Question 46

what is hemolytic uremic syndrome

Answer 46

Typically preceded by diarrheal illness including hemorrhagic colitis, Damage is due to microthrombotic events in kidneys

Question 47

what is wilms tumor

Answer 47

the most common renal tumor affecting 2-5 years old, affects only one kidney, grows fast and extremely vascular

Question 48

what are the ss of wilms tumor

Answer 48

Abdominal mass found by parents, Abdominal pain History of constipation, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, difficulty breathing, Family history of Wilm’s Tumor

Question 49

how should you assess wilms tumor

Answer 49

look at abdome do NOT palpate, listen to lungs, check for HTN

Question 50

what is the treatment of wilms tumor

Answer 50

Surgical removal of tumor and affected kidney, Radiation or chemotherapy