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Neuro > ALMOST FINISHED Auditory System > Flashcards

ALMOST FINISHED Auditory System Flashcards

Missing vestibular pathway

1
Q

What are the three ossicles of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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2
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

Dampens low tones by pulling on the malleus internally, thereby increasing the tension on the tympanic membrane

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3
Q

The tensor tympani is innervated by which nerve?

A

CN V

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4
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

Decreases sound intensity by pulling the stapes away from the opening into the inner ear

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5
Q

What are the two openings between the cochlea and the middle ear?

A

Oval window and round window

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6
Q

The oval window opens into what structure of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli

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7
Q

The round window opens into what structure of the cochlea?

A

Scala tympani

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8
Q

The stapedius muscle is innervated by which nerve?

A

CN VII

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9
Q

What structure separates the scala vestibuli and cochlear duct?

A

Vestibular membrane (Reissner membrane)

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10
Q

What structure separates the scala tympani and the cochlear duct?

A

Basilar membrane

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11
Q

At what portion of the spiral organ do hair cells respond to high frequency sounds?

A

Near the base

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12
Q

At what portion of the spiral organ do hair cells respond to low frequency sounds?

A

Near the apex

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13
Q

Why does damage to CN VII cause hyperacusis?

A

Loss of function of the stapedius muscle, which decreases sound intensity

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14
Q

The auditory pathways consist of which five structures?

A

Spiral ganglion, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculys, and the medial geniculate nucleus

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15
Q

Where do the auditory pathways terminate?

A

Transverse temporal gyrus of Heschi

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16
Q

Damage to which portion of the auditory pathways result in ipsilateral hearing deficits?

A

Cochlea, spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, or cochlear nuclei

17
Q

Lesions above the cochlear nuclei result in what kind of hearing alterations?

A

Poor sound localization, but bilateral hearing remains intact (only mild deficits)

18
Q

What are the common causes of conduction hearing loss?

A

Infection, congenital, foreign body or wax, perforated eardrum, otosclerosis, and cholesteatoma

19
Q

What is conduction hearing loss?

A

Interference with sound wave passage through external or middle ear

20
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to inner ear (hair cells, cochlear nerve, etc.)

21
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Overgrown of the stapes bone, which interferes with its connection to the oval window

22
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Overgrown of keratin debris in the middle ear space, which may erode internal structures

23
Q

What aspect of hearing is tested with the Rinne test?

A

Conduction

24
Q

What aspect of hearing is tested with the Weber test?

A

Localization

25
Q

What Rinne test results do you see in a person with normal hearing?

A

Air > bone

26
Q

What Weber test results do you see in a person with normal hearing?

A

Midline

27
Q

What Rinne test results do you see in a person with sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Air > bone, but not as loudly in affected ear

28
Q

What Weber test results do you see in a person with sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Sound localizes to normal ear

29
Q

What Rinne test results do you see in a person with conductive hearing loss?

A

Bone > air

30
Q

What Weber test results do you see in a person with conductive hearing loss?

A

Sound localizes to affected ear

31
Q

What are the common causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Loud noise, head trauma, viral, autoimmune, antibiotics, diuretics, Meniere disease, presbycusis, tumors (acoustic neuroma)

32
Q

What are the two common causes of peripheral vertigo?

A

Meniere disease and benign paroxysymal postural vertigo

33
Q

What is the pathophysiological mechanism of Meniere disease?

A

Peripheral vestibular and auditory apparatus is damaged by increased endolymphatic pressure, which gradually destroys hair cells in the vestibular and auditory peripheral systems

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Meniere disease?

A

Abrupt attacks of severe vertigo with nausea and vomiting, tinnitus, and progressive sensorineural deafness

35
Q

What is the treatment for Meniere disease?

A

Diuretics, low sodium diet, anti-histaminics

36
Q

What is the pathophysiological mechanism of BPPV?

A

Otoconia are displaced from the urticle or saccule into the semicircular canals, interfering with the macula and causing vertigo

37
Q

What is the treatment for BPPV?

A

Epley maneuver

Neuro (11 decks)

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